Silicon iyo xeryahooda ay. Silicon ee dabiiciga ah. Isticmaalka Silicon

Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan ee farshaxanka iyo warshadaha ee xubno waa Silicon. Taasi waxa ay ku leedahay hantida aan caadi ahayn. Maanta waxaa jira xeryahooda badan oo kala duwan element this, kaas oo ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee ereygu iyo abuurka ah ee wax soo saarka farsamada, galaasyada, dhalooyinka, qalabka, qalabka dhismaha, dahabka iyo warshadaha kale.

sifooyinka guud ee Silicon

Haddii aan ka fiirsan booska uu ka Silicon nidaamka wareegsan, waxaa suurto gal ah in aad tidhaahdo:

1. IV waxa uu ku yaalaa ee kooxaha ugu muhiimsan ee kooxda.
2. lambarka taxanaha 14.
3. mass Atoomikada 28,086.
4. Astaanta kiimikada Si.
5. Name - Silicon, ama Laatiin - silicium.
6. qaabeynta electronic ah 4e ee dahaarka sare: 2e: 8e.

daaqaddii crystal ee Silicon la mid tahay daaqaddii diamond ah. qanjidhada waxaa lagu habeeyay atamka, ay nooca - a fool-xuddun u cubic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay dhererka weyn ee isgaarsiinta guryaha jirka ah ee Silicon si adag uga duwan ee guryaha ah wax ka bedelidii allotropic carbon.

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada

Waxaa jira laba -habeynta allotropic ee element ah: amorphous iyo crystal. Waxay aad ugu eg yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida uu yahay kiiska la alaabta kale, farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhaxeeya - daaqaddii Silicon crystalline ah.

Xaaladdan oo kale, labada versions - budada ah oo midabo kala duwan.

1. Silicon crystalline waa bir dhaldhalaalaan madow cawlan budada-sida. Its qaab-dhismeedka dhiganta diamond, laakiin guryaha kala duwan. Waxa uu leeyahay:

• dabacsanaan,
• engegnaantiinna hooseeyo;
• guryaha Semiconductor;
• heerkulka barafku ee 1415 ⁰ C,
• cufnaanta 2.33 g / cm ^3;
• heerkulka kulul of 2700 ⁰ C.

Its hawlaha kiimikada waa yar yahay marka loo eego qaab kale allotropic.

2. Silicon Amorphous - budada brown brown, ayaa diamond dhismeedka silnorazuporyadochennogo ah. Falcelin waa heer sare ah oo ku filan.

Guud ahaan, waxaa la ogaadaa in fal necebyahay Silicon. Si aad uga dhigto fal, heerkulka loo baahan yahay in aan ka yareyn 400-500 ⁰ C. kiimiko kala duwan loo sameeyay ee Silicon ku hoos jira xaalad kuwaas. Sida:

• oxides;
• halides;
• dilaya,
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in dhexgalka ee Silicon la acid nitric ama alkali ah, oo la yidhaahdo nidaamka Iagu ah. silicones baahsan, taas oo hadda noqday ku badan.

Ahaanshaha ee dabiiciga ah

Silicon waxaa si dabiici ah laga helo wax aad u muhiim ah. Waxaa kaalinta labaad ka dib markii baahsanaanta oxygen. Its miisaanka jajabka ku saabsan yahay 30%. Aaso ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jira element firfircoon ka-fiirsashada ah 3 mg / L. Sidaa darteed, ma dhihi karno Silicon in ee dabiiciga ah - waa element dhif ah.

On lid ku ah, Dhagaxyada waxaa ka badan oo kala duwan iyo macdan, oo qayb ka ah taas oo ay dhacdo iyo ka kaas oo loo bixiyay karo. The xeryahooda ugu badan Silicon dabiiciga ah waa:

1. Silica. formula kiimikada SiO _2. Waxaa jira xad noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo ka mid ah macdanta iyo dhagaxyada on salkeeda, ciid, dhagaxmadow, feldspar, quartz, crystal ayaa dhagaxayga weyn, ametustos, khalkedoon, sardiyos, Opal, yasbid, iyo kuwa kale.
2. Silicates iyo silicates aluminium. Kaolin, feldspar, Miikaa, cusbada silicic acid, asbestos, Rusheyn kartaa.

Sayidka, faafidda ballaaran ee Silicon dabeecadda iyo xeryahooda ay yihiin caan ah iyo baahida loo qabo dadka si ay u isticmaalaan ujeedooyin farsamo.

Silicon iyo xeryahooda ay

Tan iyo markii saafi ah loo arkaa in ay jiraan element aan, sidaas darteed, waxay yeelan karaan muhiimadda ay leedahay kala duwan ee xeryahooda ay. Laga soo bilaabo barta kiimikada ee view waxaa laga yaabaa in saddex qayilo gobolka +2, +4, -4. Socota ka this, iyo sidoo kale sababta oo ah tiiro, laakiin gaar ahaan qaab-dhismeedka crystalline daaqaddii ka, waxa abuuraa noocyada soo socda ugu weyn ee walxaha:

• xeryahooda binary la non-birta (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, iyo sidaas,
• oxides;
• acid silicic;
• silicates biraha.

Ha ka fikiro si aynu sida ay muhiim u ah Silicon iyo xeryahooda ay, waa kuwa ugu badan oo caan ah oo loogu talo galay dadka.

oxides Silicon

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah walxaha ka muujiyey by formula ah:

• SiO;
• SiO _2.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu balaadhan looga isticmaalo ayaa dioxide. Waxaa jira ee dabiiciga ah ee foomka of a dhagaxyo qaali ah semi-aad u qurux badan:

• agate,
• khalkedoon,
• Opal;
• sardiyos,
• yasbid;
• ametustos;
• rhinestone.

Isticmaalka Silicon foomkan ayaa helay codsiga in soo saaridda ee dahabka. Cajiib ah oo dahab qurux badan oo dahabka lacag la dhigtay, kuwaas oo semiprecious iyo dhagaxyo semiprecious.

A yar oo kala duwanaansho ah ee silica ah:

• quartz;
• Webiga iyo quartz ciid ,
• dhagaxmadow;
• feldspars.

Isticmaalka Silicon in noocyada sida hirgeliyo dhismaha, injineernimada, korantada, warshadaha kiimikada, metallurgy. Si wadajir ah, u oxides ku qoran tixraac walax hal - silica.

Karbid Kremniya iyo isticmaalka

Silicon iyo xeryahooda ay - wax ka mid ah mustaqbalka iyo hadiyad ah. Mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha sida waa carbide Silicon ama carbide ee element ah. formula kiimikada ee SIC. Waxay dhacdaa ee dabiiciga ah sida moissanite macdanta.

In foomka saafi ah oo carbon iyo xarunta Silicon - waa qurux, kiristaalo hufan, qaab-dhismeedka diamond-sida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ujeedooyin farsamo isticmaalay rinjiyeeyay wax midab cagaar iyo madow.

sifooyinka Main oo ah walaxda, jidaynayey isticmaalkeeda in industry, technology, warshadaha kiimikada, kuwa soo socda:

• Semiconductor farqiga u ballaaran,
• xoog aad u sarreeya (7 qiyaasta Mohs) ;
• adkaysi u heerkulka sare,
• elektroustoychivost fiican iyo conductivity kaamerada.

All of this ogolaanaya isticmaalka carbide Silicon sida wax la sugi lahaayeen in metallurgy iyo kiimikada Avv. Kokes Sidoo kale, waxa ay ku salaysan waa la soo saaro spectrum balaadhan oo ah tallaabo, qaybo foornada galaaska, nozzles, siraaddo, dahabka (moissanite kor ku mahad FIANITE).

Silane iyo muhiimadda

xarunta Silicon hydrogen waa silane iyo magaca ma laga heli karaa by Avv toos ah qalabka laga bilaabo. Si aad u hesho biraha kala duwan silicides waxaa loo isticmaalaa, oo waxaa lagu sakhiray in daaweyn acid. Sidaas darteed, gaaska silane la sii daayay iyo foomamka cusbo bir ah.

Waxa xiiso leh in xarunta ee su'aasha ayaa marna keligiis soo saaray. Had iyo jeer in falcelinta ee isku dar ah ee mancaha, qaybsamaa iyo Trisilane taas oo atamka Silicon soo wada lala silsilado.

On the guryaha xeryahooda kuwan - xoog yaraynta wakiilada. Isu sidaas si fudud oxidized by oxygen, mararka qaarkood explosively. cadaanyo rabshad la halogens had iyo wax badan oo la sii daayo tamarta.

Codsiga waxaa ka mid ah silanes soo socda:

1. Xasaasiyada ee Avv organic, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo waxaa muhiim ah in silicones - silicone, caag, dawaayn, saliidaha, emulsions iyo kuwa kale.
2. Microelectronics (kormeerayaasha LCD, jaantus farsamo isku dhafan, iwm).
3. polysilicon khayroon daahirnimo sare.
4. aalka ilkaha.

Sayidka, silanes ee dunida casriga ah waa heer sare ah.

Silicic acid iyo silicates

Hydroxide ee element - waxay yihiin silicas kala duwan. distinguished:

• Meta;
• o;
• polysilicon iyo acids kale.

Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay waxyaalo caadi ah - dheelitir la'aanta ba'an ee gobolka free. Waxay si fudud giirte by kulaylka. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, waxaa jira muddo kooban ah, jeestay koowaad ee Sol ka dibna gel ah. Ka dib markii lagu qalajiyo, jel silica ah, dhismayaasha sida waxa loo yaqaan. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida adsorbents ee filtarrada.

Muhiim ka barta of view of warshadaha, waa cusbada ee acids silicic - silicates. Waxay yihiin saleysan diyaarinta walxaha sida, sida:

• muraayad,
• la taaban karo;
• cement;
• zeolite;
• kaolin,
• galaas;
• earthenware;
• madarad oo kale;
• dhoobada.

silicates alkali biraha - L, inta kale - ma. Sidaa darteed, sodium iyo potassium silicate waxaa lagu magacaabaa galaas biyo ah. koolo xafiisyada Normal - taasi waa cusbo sodium ee silicic acid ah.

Laakiin xeryahooda ugu xiisaha badan yihiin oo dhan muraayad isku. Waa kuwee fursadaha kaliya xoolahayaga this fikrad ah kama! Maanta, siin midab, indhaha, fursadaha matte. Galaasyada waxaa loo naxo in ay quruxda iyo kala duwanaanta. Marka intaa ku daray biraha qaarkood iyo oxides bacayn in isku dar ah ka heli kartaa noocyo kala duwan oo nooc oo ah muraayad. Mararka qaarkood xitaa Halabuurka la mid ah, laakiin boqolkiiba kala duwan ee qaybaha keenaysaa in farqi in guryaha oo ah walaxda. Tusaale ahaan waa galaas iyo earthenware, oo formula SiO ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Quartz galaas - waa nooc ka mid ah wax soo saarka ka khayroon daahirnimo sare, kuwaas oo ka kooban waxaa lagu tilmaamay sida silica.

ee Discovery xeryahooda Silicon

In ka badan dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, diraasado ah ayaa muujiyay in Silicon iyo xeryahooda ay - ka qaybgalayaasha ugu muhiimsan ee xaaladda caadiga ah ee noolaha. deficiency C ama ka badan element a siiyey xiriira cudurada sida:

• kansarka,
• qaaxada;
• arthritis;
• tirey,
• baraska,
• dabadhiig qaba;
• laabotooyinka,
• hepatitis iyo kuwa kale.

Gabowga geedi socodka isu waxaa sidoo kale la content taranta ee Silicon. tijaabo badan nuujiya waxay muujiyeen in la'aanta ah ee virus element isagoo wadne, faalig, kansarka iyo hepatitis C loo firfircoonaan.