Shaqooyin - waa maxay? Right, sharciga. Machadka shareecada

In ka badan muddo dheer dhaqanka cilmi ah, kaas oo socday muddo kun oo sano, khubaro ku soo gaarnay heer ah in ka yar fiqiga ee baahida loo qabo in la fahmo sayniska, baadhitaannada sharciga iyo gobolka. Noocan ah foomka af iyo habka wax soo saarka iyo horumarinta aqoonta sharciyeed. Ugu isla waqti, Waxaa la ballamay ee caadiga ah bulshada macluumaadka sharciga.

The asal ahaan of science

Oo wakhtigii qadiimiga Rome kala sharciga ah oo wuxuu galay sayniska ah (oo ku saabsan qarnigii 3aad BC). Markaas saynisyahan nool Celsus waxaa lagu qeexaa sida ARS Boni et aequi, ka Laatiin ee la turjumay - "farshaxanka wanaagsan oo u dhiganta dheelitirka ee caddaaladda, waafaqsan, dheellitirnaanta". Laakiin waxaa jiray opinion kale: garyaqaan Ulpian ku dooday in sayniska this - "aqoonta sharciga ah iyo kuwa aan sharciga ah." Qaar badan oo naga mid ah hadda ma kalsoonaan karo sharxi karaa dareenka suugaan qeexidda "sharciga": waxa uu yahay iyo sababta loo baahdo. In dareenka adag oo ka mid ah erayga iyo turjumaad sax ah oo muddo Laatiin ah waxaa uu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood: «Juris» - saxda ah iyo «Prudential» - aqoon, sayniska, ie, Waxaa loola jeedaa sayniska ah in daraasad sax ah, kaas oo la baray in bii'adda tacliimeed ee goobaha waxbarashada. Inkasta oo sharciga Roman, marka hore soo maray raadka uu ka baxayn ka sharciga ah iyo Greek cilmiga siyaasadda, ka dib waxa ay noqotay bar bilow u ah aasaas iyo horumarinta nooca Yurub ee sayniska this sida qarniyadii dhexe, iyo jeer casriga ah. Oo ay la socdaan xaalad this ayaa dhexdeenna iyo waa in Russia.

Xaq u Russia

Horumarinta ee shareecada gudaha bilaabmaa formation of jaamacadaha Moscow iyo St. Petersburg - in 1755 iyo 1819kii, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sida laga soo xigtay EV Kuznetsova, asaaska u ah fiqiga ee Ruush dhigay jaamacadaha gudaha, si ay taariikhda ku xiga ee horumarinta sayniska this ee dalkeenna aan la kala saari karaan horumarka ka mid ah kuwan goobaha waxbarashada. Marka ugu horeysa, waxbaridda nidaamo sharci lagu qaaday qayb ka mid ah Professor shisheeye. In ka badan waqtiga la qaaday iyo khubaro qoyska. Mid ka mid ah kuwii hore u ahaa xaq Professor SE Desnitsky, isaga u mahad horumarinta sayniska Ruush kaalin muhiim ah uu leeyahay, by qeexidda, "shareecada" ereyga. Waa maxay - anshax gaar ah, khubaro ogaaday isaga u mahad.

Bookmark and amro aasaaska akhriska ee sharciga Ruush ula isku maran fikrado ku BA Kistyakovsky, LI Petrazhitsky, SA Muromtseva, FV Taranovskiy, PI Novgorodtseva et al. Maadooyin gaar ah warshadaha network dhacdo gacan ka NS shuqullada Tagantsev - "sharciga dembiyada Ruush" in 2 Muga, 1902, nm Korkunova - "sharciga gobolka Ruush" in 2 Muga, 1893, GF Shershenevich - "buugaagta sharciga Ruush rayidka ah" ee 1907, "Tutorial Commercial Law", 1914

guryaha waxbarista

Waxa aan ognahay in marka la eego guud ahaan akhriska ku saabsan anshaxa sida sharciga? Waa maxay - laan madax bannaan ee sayniska, taas oo u baahan qeexidda dhabta ah ee shayga of waxbarasho iyo habka of garaadka. Waxaad dooran kartaa in shay in ay yihiin sharciga iyo gobolka, iyo mawduuca - guryaha ay aasaasiga ah. Qaamuuska ayaa la ballaariyey la taaban karo dhexgalka la cilmiga iyo cilmi nafsiga, aragtida siyaasadeed iyo anshaxa. ballaarinta Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in nidaamo kor ku xusan midaysan yihiin walxo, markeeda, waxaa xidhiidh dhow inay xaq. Oo haddii cilmiga laftiisa waxaa loogu tala galay in la kala saaro aqoonta xuquuqda qoyska dhexdiisa macnaha warshadaha, isagu wuxuu sameeyaa si sababtoo ah waxay doonayaan waa in ay ka fogaadaan sida ugub ah, sida syncretism a nidaamsan. Waa inay awoodaan inay xumeeyaan nuxurka sharciga iyo masixi xuduudaha dabiiciga ah (eeg dheeraad ah si hufan. "Fikradda saafiga ahaa ee sharciga" Hans Kelsen, 1988). By eegtahay la sayniska kasta, shareecada ayaa hal maaddo oo keliya. Macnaha this, laba shay oo kala duwan si muuqata - midigta iyo gobolka - waxaa cilmi-baaris iyo bartay sida laba qaybood oo muhiim ah.

nidaamka saxda ah ee sayniska

Shaqooyin - waa maxay? Waa isku-dar ah aqoon xeerarka, dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee xuquuqda iyo waajibaadka, xidhiidhada - labada u dhexeeya shacabka iyo dawladda. Waxa ay tilmaamaysaa awood u leh inay aqoonta this ku dhaqanka, iyada oo ay caawimo, la hayo dacwadda, doodaha, muranka ay xalliyaan. Waxaa ka mid ah hawlaha sharciga tilmaami karaa tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee fahamka akhriska sharciga. Its nidaamka ka kooban yahay go'an sayniska, daraasad dhamaystiran oo sharciga. Ka sokow ku baraya, kuwaas oo ay u sameeyaan qaab dabeecad ma guurto ah. Marka la eego guud ahaan, waa sida soo socota.

• Laanta cilmiga - xaq ah dastuurka, maamul, madani, ciqaab, shaqada iyo kuwa kale.

• teori Guud - ka aragti iyo taariikhda sharciga gobolka iyo, taariikhda nidaamo siyaasadeed iyo sharci.

• Cross-warshadaha - sharciga deegaanka, garsoorka iyo kuwo kale.

• sayniska ee sharciga barbardhig.

• Maadooyinka sharciga caalamiga ah - dadweynaha caalamiga ah, gaar ah oo caalami ah, meel iyo kuwa kale.

• Codsatay cilmiga sharciga ah - nafsiga sharci, criminology, criminology, daawo foreensiga, iyo kuwa kale.

horumarinta fikirka sharci

Nuxurka sharciga waa buuxeen isku dhaca ee laba nooc horjeeda sharciga - legistskogo (keligii) iyo sharci. Labada nooc ee ugu weyn u dhigmaan laba fikradaha kala duwan sayniska. Haddii sharciga ku salaysan yahay Gudbey sharciga iyo sharciga iyo ku tiirsan tahay fahamka antilegistskoe, waxaa loola jeedaa in ay fasalka ka mid ah cilmiga sharciga ah. Taa waxaa ka duwan, hoos aqoonsiga sharciga iyo qaynuun iyo hoosdhigaha on fasiraadda legistskih loola jeedaa nooca keligii. Indeed horumarinta fikirka sharci iyo distoor soo jireenka ah ee dhexgalka ah ee views iyo jagooyinka kala duwan. Waxay ku yaalaan inta u dhaxaysa labada ulo sharciga, laakiin sidoo kale la kulmeen isku darka yaab leh fikrado typologically kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharcigan uusan qiimo, in tababarka ay keenaysaa in ay faham sida sayniska, maxaa yeelay, ugu dambeyntii waa nooc gaar ah fasiraadda go'aamiso dareenka teori uu hab sida anshaxa midaysan sharciga iyo gobolka.

Fikradda ah machadka

By sharciga khuseysaa erey la mid ah "machadka". Waxaa loola jeedaa set oo ah xeerarka in saameyn mid ama ka badan xiriirka intersecting. Duruufaha noocaas ah aan la random xildhibaan qaababka iyo go'aaminta qaybo gaar ah oo lama huraan xiriir ay sabab u tahay qaabka ifafaale muhiim ah (anshaxa, dhaqaalaha iyo arrimaha bulshada), kasteba baadhitaan faahfaahsan calaamadiyey, kaas oo u ogolaanaya si loo soo dajiyo dhexeeya caadooyinka ku tiirsanaanta gudaha yaraynaysaa formation iyaga hal arrin . Daraasaddu waxay of xiriirka sharci dhacdaa by yahay meesha uu a kooxaha darajada hoose ama hoos jooge. Mid ka mid ah kooxahaas waxaa loo yaqaan Institute. Tusaale ahaan, waxaad ku tidhaahdaa hay'adda qandaraaskiisa, dhaxalka, hantida, qoyska. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira formation dhigto, qayb ka mid ah mid ka mid ah kor ku xusan. Machadka shareecada - ma sida nooc ka mid joogto ah oo xiriir sharci ah, laakiin keliya guud ah heerarka khuseeya dherer siiyo waqti.

takhasuska Legal

Leh aqoon sharci iyo iyaga oo codsanaya, qareeno loo hubiyo in xukunka sharciga iyo saameynta ay waafaqsan socodka la xeerarka sharciga dhammaan dhinacyada kala duwan ee bulshada. In si ay u yaqaaniin aasaaska, ku salaysan aqoon howshaas u baahan tahay in la tababaray, kaas oo ay bixiyaan sharci, jaamacadaha jihada this. Baaxadda ay leedahay koorsooyinka iyo xamuulka ee muddooyinka kala duwan, ka dhex kuwaas oo ah fursadaha waxbarasho shan ama lix sano waxbaridda loo baahan yahay (optional - sayidkiisa oo dheeraad ah (2 sano)).

dhowr takhasuso la qoondeeyay in shareecada. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa set oo ah edbiyo, taas oo uu leeyahay saamayn gaar ah oo ku saabsan doorashada ee mustaqbalka xaq u arday xirfad. Sharciga waxaa loo qeybiyaa ku takhasuso soo socda: , sharciga gobolka-sharciga caalamiga ah, sharciga madaniga ah, iyo sharciga dembiyada. kala soocidda this gudahood ayaa sidoo kale bartay nooc oo kala duwan oo anshax: su'aalo of sharciga caalamiga ah, xuquuqda aadanaha, amniga caalamiga ah, iwm

Sharciga bulshada

dhaqanka Sharciga waxaa loo arkaa nooc ka mid ah halkaas oo mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale waxaa wakiil dhaqanka bulshadeena. Fiqiga - qaaska ah format ballaaran. The waxbarasho, cilmi-baarista iyo codsiga ee xiriirka sharci ciday ku dul sifooyinka fikradeed asaasiga ah ee bulshada casriga horumaray (xiriirta ee cilmiga iyo barashada cilmiga dhaqanka). liability Legal - nooc ka mid ah damaanad bulshada, taas oo ah in duurka ku of waxbarasho ee cilmi nafsiga. Waxaa oo dhan ku yimaado hoos si dabiiciga ah ee xiriirka ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka si sharciyada gobolka. Caadi ahaan, qofka qabto xaalad adag, lagama yaabo in ay awoodaan in xisaabiso tirada badan ee falalka sharci-dejinta si ay u dooran ugu haboon iyaga ka mid ah ay u isticmaalaan in ay Nicmada. Order oo waxaa jira qareeno in shaqada sida la sameeyo. Sharciga ka caawisa inay ku filan qaban tabo cusub ee sharciga, waa karti u talin iyo caawin doondoonaan adeegyada sharciga ee qof gaar ah.