Plutonium Hubka fasalka: isticmaalka, soo saarka, warshadaynta

Humanity had iyo jeer waa in search of ilo cusub oo tamarta xallin karo dhibaatooyin badan. Laakiin ma aha had iyo jeer, waxay yihiin ammaan. Sayidka, gaar ahaan, waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa maanta tigoodu nuclear inkastoo ay awoodaan in ay kaliya horumarinta lacagta wayn noocan oo kale ah ee tamarta korontada loo baahan yahay oo dhan ayaa weli khatar ku dhimanaya. Laakiin, marka lagu daro isticmaalka tamarta nukliyeerka ujeedooyin nabad, dalalka qaar ka mid ah dunida ayaa bartay in ay isticmaalaan, iyo militariga, gaar ahaan abuurista madaxyada nukliyeerka. Maqaalkani waxa laga wada hadli doonaa oo ku saleysan hub burbur sida, oo magiciisa - plutonium hub-fasalka.

Background

In this is haysta qaab biraha waxa ku jira ugu yaraan 93,5% 239Pu isotope. plutonium Hubka fasalka ayaa loo magacaabay si si ay u suurto gal ah in la kala saaro "walaalka ee nuclear-ka." In mabda'a, plutonium waxaa had iyo jeer la sameeyay in gabi ahaanba nuclear-kasta oo nuclear, taasoo, markeeda, waddaa on uranium low-ku hodanaynta ama dabiiciga ah, oo ay ku jiraan, waayo qaybta ugu, isotope ku 238U.

Isticmaal waaxda military

Hubka fasalka 239Pu plutonium - saleysan hubka nukliyeerka. Xaaladdan oo kale, isticmaalka isotopes tirooyin mass 240 iyo 242 waa ku tacaluqda, tan iyo markii ay soo saaraan soo jeeda neutron mid aad u sarreeya, taas oo ugu dambeyntii joogsaneyso Abuuridda iyo design of-waxqabadka sare load nuclear. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, isotopes plutonium 240Pu iyo 241Pu ay si weyn uga yar nus-nolosha marka loo eego 239Pu, si kastaba ha ahaatee plutonium qaybo si adag u kulul. Waa in uu ku lug this ee injineerada hub nuclear lagu qasbay in ay ku darto xubno dheeraad ah oo ay ka saareen kulaylka xad-dhaaf ah. By habka, 239Pu jirka diiran saafi ah. Mid ka mid ah ma laakiin waxay qaadan kartaa tixgeliyaan xaqiiqada ah in wax soo saarka ee bololka ee isotopes culus waxaa la hoos geliyey in ay isbedel waxyeello in daaqaddii crystal bir ah, oo ay tahay reconfigures qaybo arrin dabiici ah plutonium, oo ugu dambaysta waxay keeni kartaa failure a total of qalab nuclear qarxa.

By waaweyn iyo, dhammaan dhibaatooyinka laga gudbi karo. Iyo, ku dhaqanka, aan ayaa dhowr jeer maray tijaabada aaladaha qarxa ku saleysan ee waa "nuclear-" plutonium. Laakiin waxaa la fahamsan yahay in hub nuclear aan meel la soo dhaafay ayaa waxaa kujira ay compactness, miisaanka waddada yar yahay, cimri dherer iyo isku halaynta. Marka tan la eego, waxay u isticmaali plutonium hub-fasalka oo kaliya.

Tilmaamo Design of tigoodu wax soo saarka

Ku dhawaad plutonium ee Russia oo dhan waxaa ahbaa ee warshadan qalabaysan Haguhu graphite ah. Mid kasta oo ka tigoodu la dhisay hareeraha a blocks cylindrically soo ururay reer graphite.

Urureen oo u dhexeeya blocks graphite leeyihiin booska gaar ah siinaya wareegga joogtada ah ee coolant, taas waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida nitrogen. In qaabka soo shireen, oo waxaa vertical diyaarin channels abuuray marinka biyaha qaboojinta iyaga iyo shidaalka on. keligeed, shirka waxaa dhab ah oo ay taageerayaan ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka rito for channels loo isticmaalo shixnad horay gubaa shidaalka. Sayidka kasta oo channels ee tube dhuuban-deyran waxaa doorsoon ka daawaha ah aluminium miisaanka yar oo dheeraad ah oo xoog leh. Inta badan oo ka mid ah kanaallada ku tilmaamay leedahay 70 ulood shidaalka. biyo qaboojinta socodka si toos ah agagaarka dhengedihii shidaalka, ay ka saareen kulaylka xad-dhaaf ah iyaga ka.

Kordhinta tigoodu-soo-saarka awoodda

Markii hore, nuclear ugu horeysay "nalalka" waxaa shaqeynaya oo qaadi kara 100 MW kaamerada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hoggaamiyaha ugu weyn ee barnaamijka Soviet horumarinta hub nuclear, Igor Kurchatov dhigay soo jeedinta ah, kaas oo ahaa in nuclear-ka waa in qaboobaha uu ka shaqeeyay oo leh awood ah 170-190 MW, oo wakhtiga xagaaga - 140-150 MW. Habkan karti nuclear-ka in ay soo saaraan oo ku saabsan 140 garaam oo plutonium qaali ah maalin kasta.

In 1952, shuqullada dhamaystiran sayniska-cilmi-baarista ah ayaa lagu fuliyay si ay u kordhiyaan wax soo saarka awoodda ee ka hawlgala tigoodu hababka sida ay:

• By kordhaya socodka biyaha loo isticmaalo qaboojinta iyo dhex maraya aagga firfircoon ee rakibaadda a nuclear.
• By sii kordhaya iska caabin ah si ay arrin daxalka ka dhaca meel u dhow channels insert ah.
• La dhimo heerka of qayilo ee graphite.
• Heerkulka dhicin gudaha unugyada shidaalka.

Sidaas darteed, awooda biyaha wareegaya waxaa aad u kordhay ka dib markii la kordhiyey iyo farqiga u dhaxeeya darbiyada shidaalka channel. Daxalka sidoo kale in laga takhaluso. Ujeedada this, waxaan xushay ka Alloys aluminium ugu haboon ayaa si firfircoon ku daray dichromate sodium, kaas oo ugu dambeyntii u xoojinaya debecsanaanta biyaha qaboojinta (pH wuxuu u dhigmaa ku saabsan 6.0-6.2). Qayilo ee graphite ayaa iska daayeen inay dhibaato ah oo dhab ah, ka dib markii steel codsan nitrogen (hore loo isticmaalay hawada oo kaliya) for qaboojinta.

At qorrax 1950 tabo cusub ayaa si buuxda u ogaadeen in dhaqanka, sidaas yaraynta bararka radiation-laaluusheen of uranium aad u baahnayn ah, aad ah u yareyn dhengedihii Adkaan kaamerada of uranium si loo hagaajiyo iska caabin xuub iyo in la wanaajiyo tayada wax soo saarka.

Production at the "Mayak"

"Chabrovsk-65" - mid ka mid ah dhirta ugu xasaasi ah oo ku saabsan taas oo la soo saaray plutonium hub-fasalka. ganacsi waxa uu ahaa tigoodu dheeraad ah, mid kasta oo aynu qaadan doonaa aragti dhaw.

nuclear-A

rakibaadda ayaa waxaa loogu talagalay iyo dhisay hoos imaanaya hoggaanka N. ku A. halyeeyga Dollezhalya. Waxay ka shaqaysay oo qaadi kara 100 MW. nuclear wuxuu lahaa 1,149 channels gacanta iyo shidaalka vertical qabanqaabiyaa block graphite ah. miisaanka dhismeedka Buuxi ahaa oo ku saabsan 1,050 tons. Dhammaan channels (marka laga reebo 25) waxaa ku raran uranium, mass guud ee 120-130 tons. 17 channels waxaa loo isticmaalaa ulood gacanta iyo 8 - waayo tijaabo ah. Heerka ugu badan kulayl sii daayo of design of unugyada shidaalka loo siman yahay 3.45 kw. At nuclear ugu horeysay soo saaray oo ku saabsan 100 garaam oo plutonium maalin kasta. biraha plutonium First la sameeyay April 16, 1949.

ceebaha farsamada

Ku dhawaad arrin dhibaato halis ah, taas oo ah daxalka ee qobays aluminium iyo blaastiigga of unugyada shidaalka isla markiiba aqoonsaday. Oo weliba waxay qarqiyeen iyo Ulahoodii shidaalka waxyeelo iyo si toos ah biyaa biyo qaboojinta ee muhiimka ah nuclear-galay. Ka dib markii nuclear-baxsiga kastaaba wuxuu lahaa in la joojiyay ilaa 10 saacadood hawada graphite qalalan. Bishii Janaayo 1949 qobays galay channels ayaa la bedelay. Ka dib markii in, ay u bilaabaan rakibida ka dhacay March 26, 1949.

wax soo saarka plutonium Grade in nuclear-A oo la socday oo dhan cayn kasta oo dhibaato faah inta lagu guda jiro sano ee 1950-1954, isagoo leh xoog celcelis ahaan 180 MW unit. shaqada Xiga by bilowgii nuclear-ka ku xiga la isticmaalo ka badan oo degdeg ah waxaa ka mid ah, taas oo ah arrin dabiici ah oo keentay in joogsato inta badan soo noqnoqda (ilaa 165 jeer bishiiba). Sidaas darteed, in October 1963, nuclear la xiray iyo furay kaliya guga ee 1964. Xilli gebi ahaanba la dhammeeyo 1987 iyo waqtiga oo dhan ee hawlgalka muddo dheer soo saaray 4.6 tan oo plutonium.

tigoodu AB

ganacsi "Chabrovsk-65" The saddex tigoodu AB la go'aamiyay in la dhiso dayrta ee 1948. awoodda ay wax soo saarka waa 200-250 garaam oo plutonium maalin kasta. naqshadeeye Chief of mashruuca ahaa SAVIN. nuclear-kasta tiradeedu waxay ahayd 1 996 channels, 65 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen kantaroolka. channel kasta waxaa bixisey la baxsiga ah coolant dhaanta gaarka ah - The dhirta cibaaro farsamo waxaa loo isticmaalay. dhaqaaqo noocan oo kale ii ogolaan doonaa in ay dhegta aan kalagoynta hawlgalka nuclear-ka.

sannadka ugu horreeya ee hawlgalka ee tigoodu ah shaaca ka qaaday in ay curiyaan ah oo ku saabsan 260 garaam oo plutonium maalin kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka sannaddii labaad oo xoog hawlgalka waa in tartiib la kordhiyo, oo horay sanadkii 1963 ay heerka ahaa 600 MW. Ka dib habayn labaad ayaa si buuxda u xalin dhibaatadda la qobays ah, iyo xoogga ayaa hore u gaadhay 1,200 MW la-soo-saarka sanadle ah oo plutonium 270 kiilo. tilmaamayaasha waxay ku badbaaday si ay u dhamaystiraan xiritaanka of tigoodu.

Nuclear-AI-IR

shirkadaha Chabrovsk si ay u isticmaalaan goob this in muddada u dhaxaysa 22 December 1951 ilaa 25 May 1987. Waxa intaa dheer in uranium, nuclear-ka soo saaray sidii Cobalt-60, iyo Polonium-210. Markii hore, xarunta soo saaray tritium, laakiin ka dib bilaabay in ay helaan iyo plutonium.

Sidoo kale geedka ka baaraandegidda plutonium hub-fasalka lahaa in la dhiso tigoodu ka hawlgala biyaha culus iyo nuclear-biyo iftiinka kaliya (magiciisa - "Ruslan") on.

Rafaa Siberian

"Tomsk-7" - waa magaca qaadeen warshadda, taas oo uu leeyahay shan tigoodu si ay u abuuraan plutonium. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah isku celceliyo ee graphite codsatay in la hakiyo neutrons, iyo biyaha caadiga ah si loo hubiyo in qaboojinta ku filan.

Oo nuclear-1 shaqeeyay nidaamka qaboojinta, taas oo biyaha maray mar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka kale afar cutub ayaa qalabaysan circuit xidhan hoose qalabaysan exchangers kulaylka. design Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in ay horumariyaan dheeraad ah weli iyo uumi, taas oo iyana ka caawisaa in wax soo saarka ee korontada iyo kululeynta ee dhismaha kala duwan.

"Tomsk-7", iyo nuclear-ka ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan EI-2, kuwaas oo, ee jeedo, lahaa ujeeddo dual: in ay soo saaraan plutonium kharash ku soo saaray uumi ahbaa koronto 100 MW iyo 200 MW tamarta kulaylka.

macluumaad muhiim ah

On loo xaqiijiyo saynisyahano, badhkiis nolosha plutonium hub-fasalka ku saabsan yahay 24 360 sano. tiradaasi A weyn! Marka tan la eego, su'aal gaar ba'an uu noqdo: "Sidee si sax ah in la sameeyo oo la-soo-saarka qashinka ah shayga ugu" ikhtiyaarka ugu fiican ee waxaa loo arkaa inay dhismaha shirkadaha khaaska ah ee processing dheeraad ah oo plutonium hub-fasalka. Sababtuna waxay tahay, in haddii ay taasi ku, element mar dambe loo isticmaali karaa ujeedooyinka militeri iyo kuwa lagu xakamayn doonaa nin. Taasi waa sida asturidda plutonium hub-fasal ee Russia, laakiin United States of America waxay tageen xagga jidka oo kale, oon ku xadgudbay ballan caalamiga ah.

Sidaas darteed, dawladda Maraykanka u soo jeedisay in la burburiyo aadka la xoojiyey shidaalka nuclear waxaa industrially ma soo saaray, oo ay Barxo of plutonium oo ku kaydi weel gaar ah at qoto dheer ah 500 oo mitir. Baahnayn in la sheego, in ay dhacdo in this, wax si fudud u noqon kartaa in waqti kasta oo dhulka ku soo saarto, iyo mar kale ku riday on bartilmaameedyada milateri. Sida laga soo xigtay Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin, dalka isku raaceen in aadan wada baabbi'in plutonium sidan, iyo si ay u fuliyaan dib u warshadaynta ee goobaha warshadaha.

fiiro gaar ah la siiyo qiimaha plutonium hub-fasalka. Khubarada qiyaaseen in tobanaan tan oo element this sidoo kale waxaa laga yaabaa in qiimihiisu dhowr bilyan oo doolar. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah khubarada ee E aanu ayaa lagu qiyaasay 500 oo tan oo plutonium hub-fasalka sida ugu badan ee 8 trillion dollars. Inta ay run ahaantii cajiib ah. Si aad uga dhigto cad, sida lacag aad u badan, Aynu niraahno in tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay qarnigii 20aad heerka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee GDP Ruush ahaa $ 400 billion. Taasi waa, in fact, qiimaha dhabta ah ee plutonium hub-fasalka waa loo siman yahay si labaatan GDP sanadlaha ah ee Ruushka.