Phylogeny - geedi socod adag

Waxaa jira wax sida phylogeny sida. Waxaan isku dayi doonaa in la fahmo iyo in la siiyo sharaxaad saxda ah ee this ifafaale.

fikradda la aqoon

Imisa jeer ayaad maqli ku saabsan phylogeny ah? Waxaan hubaa in badan oo u qaadan doonaa in phylogeny - waa bayoolaji, ama, inay u badan saxda ah - qeexidda la isticmaalay bayoolaji. Laakiin, u badan tahay, ma qof kasta oo aqoon ogyahay waxa laga wada hadli doonaa. Baadhitaan degdeg ah oo dersin dad ah ayaa muujiyay, in:

- phylogeny - waa "wax la mid ah inay photosynthesis" (sida soo jeediyay in afar ka mid ah tobankii);

- phylogeny - isbedel unugyada nool (laba ka mid ah tobankii);

- phylogeny - qeexidda loo isticmaalo genetics oo tilmaamaysa habka of "abuurka ah oo ay shakhsiyaad cusub" (mid ka mid ah Tobankii);

- saddex qof oo kale marka su'aasha, waxa phylogeny ah, la dhaqdhaqjisid a yaabiyaa.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo la'aanta ah ee muuqata ee wacyi on arrintan, midkoodna jawaabay ma jalaq. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah uu doonayay in uu ogaado: waa maxay phylogeny ah?

Phylogeny (biology)

Phylogeny - horumarinta evolutionary nidaamka wax noolaha. Ereyga la soo bandhigay galay wareegga sayniska cilmiga dabiiciga ah German iyo falsafo Ernstom Genrihom Haeckel ee 1866. Taas macnaheedu waxaa tusinaya isbedel ka dhaca inta lagu jiro horumar ah ee noocyada kala duwan ee nolosha organic. The eed bixitaanka berrinkii biology qabashada waxbarasho ee phylogeny, wuxuu ahaa "aragti ah ee horumar" ee naturalist Ingiriiska iyo Musaafurka Charles Robert Darwin.

Marka fikradda ah ee phylogeny, sayniska soo baxay iyo kuwa kale in ay ka soo qeexidda asalka kala duwan. Sidaas daraaddeed, Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich, nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Soviet, fahamsan yahay by phylogeny taxanaha taariikhiga ah ee isreebreebka ontogeneses xidhan sida a "waalid-ilmo".

Phylogeny - habka aad u dheer, waxa ay qaadataa malaayiin badan oo sano. Taasi waa sababta, ma noqon karto shayga of daawashada toos ah oo wax ka baran by recreating oo horay simulating dhacdooyinka iyo ifafaale. Marka horumar this la fahamsan yahay sida habka by kaas oo line hidaha (awowayaashiin) abuuraa laan (Jaaloobayn) la isbedel dabiiciga ah in ka dhacay koorsada of habka this, ama at dhan u horseeday inay ka lumay ee noocyada.

Ratio of phylogeny iyo ontogeny

Ontogenesis - fikradda ah in uu ka galay isticmaalka sayniska ka hor dhalashada of cilmiga ah phylogeny iyo taasoo muujinaysa in formation of ururinta gaar ah ee jirka iyo adkaystay iyaga by in koorsada nolosha transformations isku xigta. Ka dib markii ay furan in bartamihii qarnigii XIX Fridrihom Myullerom iyo Ernst Haeckel ee sharciga biogenetic phylogeny waxaa bartay in xiriirka ay u ontogeny.

Under sharcigan, wixii ontogenesis, dhab ahaantii, waa soo noq-gaaban oo deg deg ah ee phylogeny ee noocyada this. Isla mar ahaantaana ku ontogeny iyo phylogeny waxa loo arki karaa a "ee gaarka loo leeyahay iyo guud." xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya labada fikradaha iyo ayaa sidoo kale la xaqiijiyay by Charles Darwin ee uu cilmiga of waynaynayaa, wacdiyo celcelin of uurjiifka ee geedi socodka of ontogenesis calaamadaha awowayaashood on phylogeny ah. Charles Darwin gaar ah laba recapitulations kala duwan oo waaweyn: atavism iyo rudiment.

Isticmaalka phylogeny cilmiga kala duwan

Phylogeny - caqiido taas oo ah mid aad muhiim u ah tiro ka mid ah cilmiga, oo ay ku jiraan embryology, paleontology, anatomy barbardhig, iyo xitaa cilmi nafsiga. Isla mar ahaantaana, phylogenetics, oo maaddada taariikhda ee horumarinta noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha inaad wax ka barato horumar ah ee ugu fiican xilligan la joogo waxaa loola jeedaa guulaha ee cilmiga sida Kiimikada noole, jirka, genetics, ethology, biology kelli, iyo kuwa kale.

Phylogeny in cilmi nafsiga

In cilmi nafsiga, phylogeny waxay muujinaysaa horumarka taariikhiga ah ee wax-socodka ah ee horumar. Phylogeny ee nafsiga - muujineysa horumarka iyada oo loo marayo gobolka maskaxda ah oo ay shakhsiyaad. dabeecad Animal jiritaanka dabiici ah ee adduunka, oo ku salaysan dareenka. xayawaanka sare, iyo kuwo kale, ayaa sidoo kale soo jireenka ah iyo muujinta ee maskaxda. Taa baddalkeeda, dadka lagu daro sifooyinka kor ku xusan, waxa kale oo uu leeyahay miyir iyo fikirka. Waa marayo cilmi nafsiga phylogeny waa ay awoodaan in ay fuliyaan waxbarashada sida, saleysan helidda iyo arrimaha ay tahay qaabeeya soo gunaanadeen aadanaha oo ah qaab kuwaas oo waxaa jira waqti xaadirkaan.

phylogeny taasoo la micno ah

Phylogeny - taasi waa mid ka mid ah links ugu muhiimsan ee horumarinta wax nool oo dhan. Tan iyo markii ay sal-dhigida oo duurka ku sayniska, meel muhiim ah ayuu ka qaaday waxgarashada oo ka mid ah horumar iyo horumarinta ma aha oo kaliya tartanka aadanaha, laakiin sidoo kale ka mid ah noolaha oo dhan. Studies of this ifafaale waa lagama maarmaan u ah horumarinta aragtida guud ee horumar iyo dhismaha nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee noolaha. salaysan on kaas oo booska caqiido of phylogeny dhisay, been in aragtida ah ee doorashada dabiiciga ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waa in aan ka hadlo phylogeny in kooxaha kala duwan ee noolaha bartay di'in, wixii la goostay by hadhaagii kala duwan ee fossils iyo, ku salaysan kaas oo waxaa laga yaabaa in loogu kalsoonaan karo dhiso phylogenetic (abtirsiinta) geed. Currently, ugu bartay waa phylogeny kooxaha laf sare. Haddii aan ka hadlo xawayaanka ah, qaar ka mid ah iyaga ugu bartay ee ka mid ah mollusks, cayayaanka, brachiopods, iyo qaar kale.

Dabcan, iftiinka jiritaanka xiiso weyn oo ay ku asalka ah ee dunida, qaybaha iyo, gaar ahaan, aadanaha waa arrin cilmi ah sida phylogeny, waa muhiimad weyn u aqoonta aadanaha laftiisa iyo adduunka ku xeeran.