NPP: mabda'a hawlgalka iyo qalabka. Taariikhda warshadda nukliyeerka awood

Qarnigii bartamihii labaatanaad, maskaxda ugu fiican ee Dadka ayaa la adag u shaqeeyo on laba hawlaha mar: on abuurka bam qaaradda, oo ku saabsan sida aad u isticmaali kartaa tamarta qaaradda ujeedooyin nabad ah. Sidaasay u muuqday dhirta nukliyeerka ugu horeysay ee adduunka. Waa maxay mabda 'ee warshadda nukliyeerka awoodda? Iyo meesha dunida ugu waa weyn ee dhirta, kuwaas?

Taariikhda iyo muuqaalada awoodda nuclear

"Energy - madaxa wax walba" - si aad u habayn kartaa hadalkii caanka ah, siin xaqiiqada Ujeedada qarnigii XXI ah. Iyadoo wareega kasta oo cusub horumarka farsamada aadanaha waa in ay noqdaan qaar badan oo ka mid ah ay tiro. Maanta, tamarta ee ah "eb nabad ah" waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in dhaqaalaha iyo wax soo saarka, iyo ma aha oo kaliya in waaxda tamarta.

korontada ayaa soo saaray NPP waxa loogu yeero (mabda'a ah taas oo ah mid aad u fudud in ay nuxurka), si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha, sahaminta bannaan, daawo iyo beeraha.

tamarta Nuclear waxaa lagu magacaabaa warshadaha culus, oo u yeela kulaylka iyo korontada ka tamarta ogeed eb ah.

Marka waxaa u muuqday warshadda nukliyeerka ugu horeysay? Mabda'a hawlgalka of amar caynkan oo kale, saynisyahano Soviet Akhrisatay dib 40eeyaha ku. By habka, sinnaan iyo sidoo kale waxay Been Abuuran bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda. Sayidka la eb ahaa isku mar iyo "nabad", iyo dhimasho.

In 1948 I. V. Kurchatov soo jeediyay in xukuumaddu ay Soviet bilaabay si ay u fuliyaan shaqo oo degdeg ah oo ku saabsan ka fiirsato tamarta nukliyeerka. Laba sano ka dib, ee Midowga Soofiyeeti (in Obninsk) oo billowday dhismaha warshad awoodda nuclear ugu horeysay caalamka.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee Quwadda Nuclearka waa la mid, laakiinse garta waxa ay ma aha wax adag. Tani waxay si dheeraad ah looga hadli doonaa.

NPP: hawlgalka (sawir iyo description)

Hawlgalka ayaa warshad wax nukliyeerka ay waxyeello ka xoog badan taas oo uu dhacaa marka ay fission nuclear la eb. In habkan, inta badan ku lug atamka ee uranium-235 ama plutonium. atamka yaruna qaybiyaa neutron dhexdeeda galaya ka baxsan. Tani waxay ku siinaysaa asaasmeen neutrons cusub iyo burbur fission, kaas oo ay leeyihiin tamarta ogeed weyn. Just tamarta iyo waxa ay tani tahay wax soo saarka ugu weyn oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah hawlaha warshad kasta oo quwadda nukliyarka

Sidaas waxaa suurtagal ah in lagu qeexo mabda'a hawlgalka ee nuclear-nukliyeerka. In photo soo socda waxaad ka arki kartaa sida ay u egtahay gudaha.

Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo asaasi ah oo tigoodu nuclear:

• mucawinadooda nuclear-awood sare (loo soo gaabiyo - RBMK);
• nuclear-biyo-biyo ah (PWR);
• nuclear-breeder degdeg ah (xoreynta).

Dhanka kale waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu qeexo mabda'a hawlgalka ee NPP oo dhan. Wixii macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan sida ay u shaqayso laga wada hadli doonaa in article soo socda.

Mabda'a hawlgala ee NPP (nidaamka)

warshadda nukliyeerka ka shaqeeya xaaladaha qaarkood iyo in a xaaladaha adag lagu qeexay. Waxa intaa dheer in nuclear-ka nuclear (hal ama ka badan), in qaab dhismeedka nuclear oo ka mid ah hababka kale, goobaha gaarka ah iyo shaqaalaha xirfad tacliin heer sare. Waa maxay mabda 'ee warshadda nukliyeerka awoodda? Si kooban waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sida soo socota.

element ugu weyn ee nuclear kasta - nuclear-ka nuclear, taas oo ay jiraan oo dhan habka aasaasiga ah. About waxa ka dhacaya nuclear-ka, waxaan ku qoray qaybta hore. shidaalka Nuclear (sida caadiga ah, oo intaa ka badan waa uranium) ee foomka of kaabsal yar oo madow waxaa la quudiyey dherigii weyn.

tamarta la sii daayay inta lagu guda jiro dareen diidmo ka dhacda nuclear-ka nuclear, waxaa beddelay kulaylka iyo wareejiyay coolant ah (sida caadiga ah, waa biyo ah). Waa in la ogaadaa in dhexdhexaad ah kala iibsiga kulaylka in habkan oo helo qiyaas gaar ah oo shucaac.

Dheeraad ah, kulaylka ka coolant la wareejiyo biyaha caadiga ah (oo macneheedu yahay qalab gaar ah - gariiradda), taas oo ay sabab u tahay karaya. uumiga biyaha kaas oo sidaas sameeyay, isku bedbedeli doono marawaxadaha ah. matoor dambe waa ka xiran, oo taas abuuraa tamarta korontada.

Sayidka, mabda'a hawlgalka ee NPP - waa warshad kaamerada la mid ah. Faraqa kaliya ee waa in sida habka abuuraa uumi.

Juqraafiga tamarta nukliyarka

Shanta dal ee ugu wax soo saarka tamarta nukliyeerka waa sida soo socota:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. South Korea.

Xaaladdan oo kale, Maraykanka, soo saara sanad walba oo ku saabsan 864 billion kWh, kor u soo saara ilaa 20% ka mid ah korontada meeraha ee.

Dhammaan 31 dowladaha xubnaha ka ah dunida ee ka hawlgala xarumaha tamarta nukliyeerka. laba kaliya (Jacaylku iyo Australia) waa lacag la'aan tamarta nukliyeerka ka oo dhan qaaradood ee caalamka.

Si aad u taariikhda, 388 tigoodu nuclear ka hawlgala dunida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 45 ka mid ah waa horeba sano badh ma korontada. Inta badan oo ka mid ah tigoodu nuclear ku yaalla Japan iyo Maraykanka. Buuxi ay juqraafi la soo bandhigay ee map soo socda. Green ka dhigan tahay dal la tigoodu nuclear jira, siiyey tiradiisa ee Gobolka gaar ah.

horumarinta awoodda nuclear ee dalal kala duwan

Guud ahaan, sida of 2014 ee horumarinta tamarta nukliyeerka jiro hoos u dhac guud. Hoggaamiyayaasha in dhismaha tigoodu cusub nuclear yihiin saddexda dal ay yihiin Russia, India iyo China. Intaa waxaa dheer, tiro ka mid ah dalalka aan lahayn awood nukliyar, qorsheyneysa inay iyagaan u dhisi mustaqbalka dhow. Si aad kuwa ka mid ah Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia iyo tiro ka mid ah dalalka Waqooyiga Afrika.

Dhinaca kale, qaar ka mid ah Maraykanka ayaa bilowday hoos u si tartiib ah in tiro ka mid ah dhirta nukliyeerka. Waxaa ka mid ah Germany, Belgium iyo Switzerland. Iyo dalal qaar ka mid ah (Italy, Austria, Denmark, Uruguay) awoodda nuclear waa la mamnuucay ee heer-dejinta.

Dhibaatada ugu weyn ee awoodda nuclear

Iyadoo horumarinta tamarta nukliyeerka waxa uu la xidhiidhaa dhibaato weyn deegaanka. Tani waxa loogu yeero wasakhda kaamerada. Sidaas daraaddeed, ra'yiga khubaro badan, warshadda nukliyeerka awood dhalin kulaylka ka badan awoodda la mid ah ee Quwadda kaamerada. Gaar ahaan khatar ah si loo kululeeyo wasakhda biyaha in xad- xaaladaha dabiiciga ah ee nolosha ka mid ah noolaha noolaha iyo keenaysaa in dhimashada noocyada badan kalluunka.

Dhibaatada kale ee ba'an ee la xidhiidha tamarta nukliyeerka, walaac ammaanka nuclear guud ahaan. Dadka ugu horeysay in uu si dhab ah u malaynayso oo ku saabsan dhibaatada ka dib markii Chernobyl ee 1986. Mabda'a hawlgalka warshadda nukliyeerka Chernobyl ee ma aha wax badan ka duwan in dhirta kale ee quwadda nukliyarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma iyada badbaadisana ka mid weyn iyo mid shil halis ah, oo ka dhigay in a cawaaqib aad u xun oo dhan ee Bariga Yurub.

Waxaa intaa dheer, halista ah ee nukliyeerka kuma koobna in ay shilalka nin-dhigay. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira dhibaato weyn oo la soo qubo qashinka nukliyeerka.

Faa'iidooyinka awoodda nuclear

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taageerayaasha awoodda nuclear waxaa loo yaqaan iyo faa'iidooyinka kala duwan ee Quwadda Nuclearka. Gaar ahaan, Daladda Nukleerka Caalamka ayaa dhawaan soo saartay warbixin ay la socdaan xogta aad u xiiso badan. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, tirada khasaaraha in la socon wax soo saarka ka mid ah gigawatt qarnigan awoodda nuclear, 43 jeer ka yar Quwadda kaamerada caadiga ah.

Waxaa jira oo kale, ma muhiim ah ka yar, faa'iidooyinka. kuwaas oo:

• cheapness of-soo-saarka korontada,
• nadaafadda deegaanka dabiiciga ah ee tamarta nukliyeerka (marka laga reebo wasakhda kaamerada);
• la'aanta georeferencing adag ee Quwadda Nuclearka ilaha ugu waaweyn ee shidaalka.

halkii ay ka gunaanad

warshadda nukliyeerka ugu horeysay adduunka ee la dhisay 1950. Mabda'a hawlgalka ee Quwadda Nuclearka waa qayb ka mid ah la eb iyadoo la kaashanayo of neutron. qadarka wayn ee tamarta sii daayay geedi socodka this.

Waxaa u muuqan lahaa in awoodda nuclear - faa'iido gaar ah u yeelayno Dadka'wax. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda ayaa caddaynayo. Gaar ahaan, laba musiibo weyn - shilka at warshadda nukliyeerka Soviet Chernobyl ee 1986 iyo shilka at warshadda awood Japanese Fukushima-1 ee 2011 - bandhigay khatarta ka imaanaysa ee la eb "nabad". Iyo dalal badan oo dunida maanta, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka fikiro baxsi ah qayb ama xataa dhamaystiran oo awood nukliyeerka.