Nooleenta Carolingian of Boqortooyada Roomaanka

horyaalka "Pope" (baabba -. Laata) xidido ku leeyahay Greek. Waxa ay u muuqataa in, lid ku ah aaminsan caanka ah, ma uusan ka yimid Pappas - "aabbe" (Greek.), Iyo ka Papas ah - (. GK) "mentor". Marka hore, waxay u bixiyeen oo dhan kiniisadda, laakiin mar dambe magiciisa waxaa loo xilsaaray in ay kiniisaddu of Rome bedelka ee St. Peter -. Sida ay legend, wadaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Rome. "Baadari" Eraygii ma aha horyaalka rasmi ah madaxa Catholic Church Roman ah. Uu koob oo waa weyn - Episcopus Romanus iyo Pontivex Maximus, taas oo macnaheedu yahay "Wadaadka Sare Sare". Tani horyaalka labaad ayaa waxaa laga dhaxlaa ah pre-Christian Rome. Gregory waxaan Great qudhiisu loo yaqaan "Servus Servorum Dei" - "addoonkaaga ah addoommo Ilaah." magaca waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa in titulature ku le'daan.

Gregory iska lahaa qoyska ka mid ah oo sharaf leh iyo hodan ah Roman. In doorkiisa horjooguhu of Rome, uu helay waayo-aragnimo maamul iyo diblomaasiyadeed. Laakiin musiibada uu keeno duulaankii ee Lombards ah, galisay uu aragti. Siinta uu maal si ay u dhisaan Macaabidda Yuhuud, wuxuu bilaabay inuu nolol ka mid ah door biday in oo qofku. Laakiin muddo ka dib Pope Pelagius II isaga magacaabay ay wakiil at dayrka Constantinople. In 590, dhimashada Pelagius Gregory ka dib waxaa Qolol Si Papacy. Wuxuu ma aha oo kaliya diyaarin dawladda wacdina, laakiin dhab ahaantii istaagay madaxa banaan ee Roman, abaabulka difaaca, sahayda cuntada, gargaarka la siiyo qaxootiga, iwm hirgelinta guul ah hawlaha gobolka Gregory waxaan ka dhigay in xanaaqii gooyo Byzantine, kuwaas oo lagu eedeeyay in Pope ee takri-falka awoodda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, isaga hubiyaa ixtiraam oo ka mid ah wadaadada, dadka, iyo xataa Lombards, kuwaas oo bilaabay in saameyn uu u dhaqaaqo galaya.

Gregory aasaasay tusaale gobolka theocratic ee Italy, loo horumariyo doonaa inta lagu guda jiro formation of loogu yeero gobolka le'daan.

By bartamihii VIII ee. Lombards soo galeen ku dhowaad dhammaan hanti Talyaani ee Byzantium. In 752, waxay qabsadeen Exarchate of Ravenna, afjaridda ee Byzantine Governor-General ee Italy. Tallaabada xigta ay aheyd inuu noqdo qabashada Rome. Ma ku tiirsan gooyo of Constantinople, nuugo xasillooni gudaha, Pope Stephen II qirasho caawimo si ay boqorka uga Frankish diray. Caroling Korol Pipin ahaa shukriya aabayaasha caawin afgembiyo guri ammaan hore Merovingian iyo kiniisadda oo loo baahan yahay in legitimization dheeraad ah oo xooggiisa. laba ololaha militari ee Italy ka dib markii, uu ku qasbay Boqorka aagga Lombards daahirka ah Rome ka Ravenna, loo dhan yahay. Ma aha oo doonaya in la soo celiyo Dowladda ee Byzantine, sida ugu baaqay dowladda Constantinople, oo aan u yimaadaan si ay duuban arrimaha Talyaani awoodaan, Pepin siiyey Exarchate hore ee Ravenna gacanta maamulka le'daan.

Faahfaahinta heshiiska waxaa si hufan ma yaqaan, sida dokumentiyada la xiriira la waayay. Laakiin ka dib baadari aan macquul ahayn u fasiray sida camal hadiyad - ". Hadiyadda Pepin" mid ka mid ah dhagray Diinlooda waxay taariikhiga ah ee ugu weyn - Muddo ka dib, a sugina "Deeq of Pepin" gelin "Deeq of Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") jeestay. Le'daan Chancery The yahay mid been abuur shahaado soo saaro oo ku hadlaya magaca Konstantina Emperor ee Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Sida laga soo xigtay falkan ee Constantine, sida la filayo daaweyn of salaadda baraska ah Bishop of Rome Sylvester siiyey eegidda hore kiniisadda kale oo isaga iyo qaraabada uu awood wayn ka badan Rome, Italy iyo oo dhan Roman Empire Western ku siiyey. Xaggiisa gooyo, oo aan si xoog leh Pope ka wadaagaan, u baxay inuu Constantinople. Sida laga soo xigtay version this, Pepin waa in Papacy in loo moodayay in ay ka tirsan yihiin isaga si ay ula IV ku soo laabtay oo kaliya.

Waa lagama yaabo in Pope dhicin in ay soo bandhigaan this Pepin been abuur ah oo ay bedelka awood badan. Waxay noqday si weyn loo yaqaan oo kaliya in qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii IX ah. hoos Pope Nicholas aan mustaqbalka kaliya ma loo isticmaalo by Papacy inay qiil u ismuudsiin qaali ah si ay awood cilmaani ah. Xaqiiqda ayaa ah been "Conatitutum Constantini" ayaa lagu cadeeyay in 1440, laakiin keliya qarnigii XIX ah. Church Catholic ayaa dafirtay falkan.

Pepin aasaasay guri ammaan labaad boqorrada Frankish ayaa loo magacaabay Carolingian sharaf aabbihiis - Duqa magaalada ee daarta Charles. Germanic "nayaa" dhiganta "ovich" Ruush. Carolingians - waxaa loola jeedaa Karlovic, oo durriyadii Karla Martella. The wakiilka ugu muhiimsan ee guri ammaan oo intaasu waxay ahayd ina Pipina Karl, hoos u baxay sidii Karl Veliky taariikhda.

Tani statesman ee xoogga caadi ah iyo talanti ayaa qaaday isku day ugu guulaha badan in ay "u cusboonaynta xoogga Roman Empire ee hubka Jarmal." Dhaxlay boqortooyada Frankish ballaaran aabbihiis iyo si guul leh waasicinnay in bari, iyo woqooyi iyo koonfur, Karl noqday dhammaadkii qarnigii VIII ah. sayidkiisa ee ku dhow oo dhan oo ah qaaradda Western Europe. Inta lagu guda jiro boqornimadiisa gobolka Frankish kordhiyay Pyrenees si Channel Ingiriisi iyo Badda Mediterranean si Baltic. On dalalkan oo hadda ku yaal France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, galbeedka iyo koonfurta Germany, Austria, waqooyi-bari ee Spain iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Italy.

Sii siyaasadda aabbihiis, Charles ayaa si joogta ah fara gelin ku sameeyaan arrimaha Talyaani. In 772, wuxuu dib u bilaabay dagaal Franco-Lombard. marmarsiiyo ee duulaanka ah ee Italy noqday codsiga baadari soo socda kaalmo military. In jawaabta ay tahay barakadii uu Pope iyo rabitaanka waayo Fatxi degdeg ah Lombards ah, Karl sheegay in uu doonayo "in ay ku guuleysato, ma inuu guulaysto." "Waxaan - ayuu yidhi - waxaa loogu yeedhi doonaa King oo ka mid ah Franks iyo Lombards, si aanay dadka rajeynayaa inaan ku guuleysto xumayn." In dhexe ee 774, boqorkii Lombard ku Desiderius laga adkaaday. Adkaaday xidhay in keniisad ah, iyo guusha caleemo saaray taajkii uu.

La aasaasay by Karl Power loo arkayey by saffarro bedelka a of Roman Empire Galbeed. dhab ahaantii wuxuu lahaa awood u Imperial, iyo sharci sheegan karto horyaalka gooyo.

In xilliga dayrta ee 800, Karl mar uu aaday dalka Talyaaniga, halkaas oo ay ku abtirsan Roman shirqoolay Pope Leo III. Waxa uu ku qaatay ku dhawaad lix bilood Rome, maraya diriru inaga dhex dhicin baadari iyo soo horjeeda uu. December 25th, maalinta Christmas, wuxuu dhegaystay Mass ee St. Peter ee. Aabaha u tageen inay Charles ku jilba joogsaday oo madaxiisa saar ah taajka Imperial oo dahab ah. Taasi waxaa xigay acclamation waxa loogu yeero: joogo in Cathedral oo ka mid ah wakiillo ka socda Franks, Romans iyo Saxons ah, Bavarians iyo dadyowga kale ee ku xiran saddex kol ayaad xadeen, ". Guul live Long iyo Carl August, caleemo saaray by Ilaah gooyo Roman weyn oo mirotvoryaschy" Acclamation loo moodayay in ay calaamad u taageero dadka taliyaha ugu sarreeya.

Karl qaaday regalia ee Imperial. Laakiin ka dib, sida laga soo xigtay biographer Einhard iyo lataliyaha, ayuu muujiyay qanacsanaan falimihiisii kale "fasaxin" ee Leo III oo uu sheegay in, ogaato oo ku saabsan ujeedooyinka ee Pope ka, waxa ay noqon doontaa maalintaas kaniisadda ma ay tegin, in kasta oo ay Christmas. caddayn Tani Einhard xujo ah taariikhyahanadu, maxaa yeelay, sida dhacdooyinka ku xiga tusay, Carl riyaaqo uu horyaalka cusub.

Waxaa macquul ah in Charles aan gebi martigeliso enthronement nidaamka, si ulakac ah uggu III ee Leon, kaalinta taajkii in acclamation ah, turjumaya doonista dadka, iyo arkaa XEERKA DASTUURIGA AH EE doorashada Emperor ah. tusaale ayaa lagu soo dhigay: korsashada ee horyaalka Imperial ahaa ku tiirsan falka ee dabaaldega ee Pope. Ka dibna, Karl isku dayeen in ay jebiyaan tusaale ah aan loo baahnayn. In 813, ee uu ina Louis taajajka bixisay sidii uu wada-taliye iyo kii dhaxalka lahaa, wuxuu siiyey qayb ka mid ah Pope ka. By amar of Karl dhallinyarada Boqortooyada qudhiisa la wareegay taaj hoostiisa acclamation kuwa jooga iyo kuwa lagu dhawaaqey boqor iyo Augustus. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baadari hami dheeraad ah ku dooday in Karl Veliky kaliya boqor ahaa, halka Leo III ma u geliyeen on taajkii Imperial. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo, ka ideologists oo amar Imperial ayaa sheegay in guusha in recreating Empire Galbeedka gaar ah iska Charles iyo doorka baadari waxaa ku koobnayn xafladda rasmiga ah.

Ansaxinta ee xiriirka Imperial horyaalka Carl adag la Byzantium, weli qudhiisu dhaxalka kaliya ee Boqortooyada Roomaanka u aragto. Byzantines rumaystay iyo naftooda u yeedhay Rooma (Greek - Romeo), iyo boqorada ay - Roman (romeyskoy). muuqaalka kore ee xoogga labaad Imperial, ayaa sheegtay in dhaxal ahaan ugu Roman, waxa loo arkay inay gudubyada ay ku taal Constantinople.

Charles iyo la taliyayaashiisa oo mar kale loo isticmaalaa labadaba "Roman" Rayaale magaca: Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Laakiin waqti isku mid ah ayay ka doondooneen suuragalnimada in dib u soo celinta sharafta ka mid ah awoodaha ka mid ah hab military ama diblomaasiyadeed Roman. Waxaan samaynta qorshe arooska Charles la taliyaha Byzantine, Irina, sidan si "ku xidha Bariga iyo Galbeedka", iyo soo celinta midnimada hoos romanus ku orbis usha ( "Roman Peace"). Waayo, dood ku saabsan mashruucan ee Constantinople yimid Ergooyin Frankish. Laakiin on October 21 802, gambiyay d'inqilaabku dhacay, faqiirsan awood Irina. Carshiga of Roman Empire Eastern qaaday hakadgeliyay sharaf Nicephorus I (802 - 811), Frankish iska indha "beenaala". Kaliya ee soo socda 812 Basileus Michael aan lagu qasbay in la aqoonsado dib u soo celinta ee boqortooyada reer galbeedka iyo horyaalka Imperial ee Charlemagne.

Recovery (restauratio) iyo cusboonaysiinta (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl u maleeyay in ay howlgalka taariikhi ah. Sida ay boqorada Roman , uu doonayo in uu isaga xerin inay dhulka u jideeyey, waddooyinka, kanaalada iyo buundooyinka, iyo sidoo kale hab labis miisaanno iyo tallaabooyin, hal lacag tayo-sare ah. The lacagta birta ah ee ka dambeeya waqtiga Charles image in toga a Roman iyo boqorradu hareereysan Looxii "inp aug" a ( "Augustus"). Saamaynta ay ku "boqor reer galbeedka" ayaa ka baxsan awoodaha ay leedahay. Isaga oo opinion waxaa dhageystay in boqortooyooyinka Anglo-Saxon, ee Scotland, in madaxda qabaa'ilka Irish.

walaac badan ayaa keenay Karl maamulka iyo hirgelinta ku dhaqanka sharciga midoobidda bilaabay in boqortooyadiisa ka caalamiga ah. Waxay galay dadka "qalaad" gelin lagu amray in ay diyaariyaan isku duwidda xogta ka mid ah caadooyinka, iyadoo rajada ay Avv xiga, labadaba ku murmeen dhexdooda iyo sharciga Roman. Carl qudhiisu siiyo hawlaha dejinta dareenka weyn. Ka dib markii dabaaldega ee Imperial uu daabacay 47 guri cutubka la geeyay, si deg deg ah ku faafi gobolka oo dhan.

Xilligii Karla Velikogo loo yaqaan "Carolingian Renaissance". Wuxuu ma aha oo kaliya soo noolaaday gobolka Roman Imperial, laakiin sidoo kale dhaqanka qadiimiga ah ku salaysan cusub ee Christian ah, ayaa rajeynaya in ay joojiyaan suuska iyo hoos. Back in 789, gurigiisa cutubka maadooyinka loo waxyooday "Admonitio generalis" fikirtay baahida loo qabo waxbarashada. Emperor fududeeyey dugsiyada hoose iyo kuwa sare, ururinta iyo dib u soo celinta of qoraal gacmeedyada hore, abuurka ah ee maktabadaha, horumarinta "tahay buug".

Wadnaha ee boqortooyada Karla Velikogo ay ahayd fikrad ah ee midnimada Western Europe. Xooggiisa, tamarta iyo heybad, uu "magnanimitas" isaga bixiyo taageerada saffarro iyo daacad ah vassals. Mid ka mid ah rajeyn karto in Italy iyo Gaul awoodaan in ay baajiso saamaynta ku jabsata nin qalaad, dadka wadaniga ah la Jarmalka qasi doonto oo wada cilinta midaysan Western Empire noqon doonaa.

Charles dhintay on 28 January 814 Body "boqor weyn oo balaariyay boqortooyada Frankish iyo muddo sanado ah si farxad XLVII Sharuucda iyaga" waxaa lagu aasay goobta cibaadaysiga of Aachen Cathedral. Wax yar ka dib markii uu dhintay bilaabay daatay ah (nabaad) ayuu ka abuuray nidaamka dawliga ah. Wiilka iyo kii dhaxalka lahaa Karla Lyudovik, dhaadhacay taariikhda magaca khalad gooyo, "Pious ah", dhib weyn ku hayaa daacadnimada boqortooyada. In 817, waxa uu soo saaray gurigii Suurad "On amarka boqortooyadiisa ah" ( "imperii Ordinatio"), kaas oo ku dhawaaqay wiilkiisii curadka ahaa Lothair "co-taliye iyo Gargaare ee arrimaha ee boqortooyada." Goor danbe oo intuu gacmihii ahaa in ay diiradda saaraan xoogga Imperial. Wiilashii ka yar, in kastoo cilmiga la siiyey dhul weyn, u lahaa in ay ciidan ahaan iyo siyaasad gudbiyo Lothar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, "Ordinatio imperii" ma la fuliyo. dhimashada Louis Ka dib, iyo wiilashiisii Lothar, Louis iyo Charles, awoodin in ay wadaagaan awoodda, kala qaybsan xoogga uu awoowe u weyn, oo sidaas Western Europe.

Waxay ahayd dabcan lama huraan this dhacdooyinka? Waxa ay u muuqataa in jawaabta uu qarsoon yahay. Carl cilinta boqortooyadiisa uu ku salaysan aasaaska dhamaystirtay taariikhiga ah ee gobolka Roman. Romance iyo dadyowga Germanic horay u muujiyeen Bulshda ku milmaan labada dhinac. Save iyo soo celinta hadhaagii kaabayaasha Roman, isku xirka iyo horumarinta saylada iyo nidaamka dhaqaale ee guud ahaan. Under xaaladaha wanaagsan, Empire Western ka hor joogsan karin ee arrinka la xiriira baahinta iyo xoojinta centripetal. Laakiin karti iyo irresponsibility oo ka mid ah kuwa dhaxalka leh siyaasadda of Charles furay jidka u orgy baahinta. qiimaynta dareenka Bright dhacdooyinka dhacaya fiqi siiyey Flor Lyons ee "Cabashada qaybta Empire ah." Empire, kaas oo "waa dhalaalayay indhaha dunida ee, - uu qoray - waxaa hadda ku bakhtiistay si Qaybo State ayaa dhawaan weli hal, waxaa loo kala qaybiyey saddex meelood ... Halkii Emperor ah -. Measly" liinta dhiigga "halkii Awoodaha -. Jajabkii caadi wanaagsan ayaa guntiga u ... oo dhan nuugo danahooda gaarka ah, ka fikir wax laakiin Ilaah miyuu illoobay ".

Treaty of Verdun keenay burbur Western Europe, dhaqaale burbur, khilaafka aan dhammaadka lahayn, oo ah dhiig iyo dhumbadaan fowdo. Isla mar marka kaliya alaabta lagu qaado ka barta A hal dhibic B waxaa ku xaaqday arrin, isku xirka dooneysa suuqa, wuxuu ahaa dhaqaalaha waddaniyaynta.

Ilaa qarnigii XIX ah. Risaalo ee boqortooyadiisa Charlemagne ayaa loo arkaa sayniska taariikhiga unambiguously xun. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhyahanadu Faransiis F. Guizot, iyo A. Thierry dib loo eegay qiyaasta ah Treaty of Verdun, kuwaas oo helay, in ay view, dhismaha waddooyinka ka mid ah dalalka qaranka, ugu horreeya oo dhan, dabcan, France. Iyagu ma ay tixgeliyaan qiimaha in mushaarka dadka kala qaybsameen midaysan Carl Western Europe iyo taas, waxaan ku dari laga yaabaa, weli lahaa in ay bixiyaan.

Ka qaybgalayaashu waxay heshiisyo Verdun ahaayeen fog tixgelin istiraatiiji ah, hanuuniyey by faa'iidooyinka muddo gaaban. Iyagu ma matalaan gaarka ah si ay territory in ka dib siiyey kor u dagaallo badan oo la kala qaybiyey. Ma jiro mid ku cusub dadka Mareykanka ayaa weli ma noqoneyn umad kaliya.

awow yaraa Karla Velikogo, kaas oo galay taariikhda sida Charles Bidaar, ayaa territory romanized galbeedka Rhine ah. awow Dhexe - Louis helay bari ah la sifaynayo Jarmal aagga of Rhine iyo meel-bangiga bidix yar oo hareeraha qeybaha dhexe ee Rhine ah, la siiyo "khamri", soo saaray ee beero canab ah South Jarmal. Ugu dambeyntii, walaalkiis ka weyn - Lothair helay Italy iyo "dhexdhexaadka" oo ka mid ah dalalkan Frankish u dhaxeysa boqortooyada walaalkiis iyo aad ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday laf ka mid ah dood. Louis iyo Charles diiday in ay aqoonsadaan maamulka Imperial Lothar, laakiin waxa uu ka tagay horyaalka Imperial, wax garad content dhabta ah.

dhacdooyinka Xiga waxay muujiyeen in aan qof walba si guul leh u talin kara. Ka qaybgalayaashu waxay heshiis Verdun aad ugu dhakhsaha badan u leeyihiin in ay bixiyo biilasha. hantidoodii la weeraray ee xagga koonfureed ka mid ah baadiyaha ah (Saracens), xagga bari - Hungary ee xagga woqooyi - Scandinavian Viking.

Karl Veliky siiyey mudnaan ilaalinta xuduudaha ay dhisayaan line of qalcad ah soohdinta. Waqooyiga, waxaa la aasaasay by brand deenishka, si ay u daboosho Saxony, bari - ka March ee Pannonia, muhimka ah ee mustaqbalka ee Austria, iwm goobaha raxan iyo dekedda si firfircoon loo dhisay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuwo uu, halkii xoojinta raxan iyo Guryahoodu waxaa halakeeyay ee colaadaha internecine. Muddo yar ka dib saxiixa ku Treaty of Verdun in 846, ee xulka Saracens ka degay doonniyo burcad, ayuu weeraray Rome iyo qayb ka mid ah magaalada baabbi'iyey. qeybinta North of boqortooyadiisa noqday bartilmaameed u fudud Normans ah. In 845 maraakiibta ay, ilaa Elbe ah, si Hamburg yimid. magaalada ayaa waxaa ku dhawaad la wada baabbi'iyey, dad badan oo degaanka ah ayaa la dilay. raxan kale Norman hoos Paris yimid waxba reebin iyo, cidina, waxaa dhici. In 50-mada. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl Bidaar dhiibay difaaca weerarrada Norman of saaxiibkii Robert xoog leh, isaga oo siinaya horyaalka ee tirinta codadka ee Paris. Later, in 987, ee-awow weyn ee Robert Gugo Kapet noqdo aasaasihii guri ammaan ah Faransiis boqornimada Capetian.

Ma amusin hoos ka dib markii Treaty of Verdun, farac ka Karla Velikogo ayaa si joogta ah isku dayeen in ay qabsadaan ay hantidii kasta oo kale. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 858 Jarmal Ludwig isku dayeen in ay qaataan carshiga Charles Bidaar ah. Taa baddalkeeda, Charles Bidaar isku dayay in uu dalka reer adeerka uu qabta - Wiilashii Lothair Emperor aan, kuwaas oo ku dhintay 855. In 869, ayuu qabsaday Lorraine ah, laakiin waxay lahaayeen si ay u la Louis Jarmal ah la wadaagin. In 875, ka dib markii xakamaynta of guri ammaan Lothair, Karl si degdeg ah u tageen inay Italy for taajkii Imperial, iska indha-tiray xuquuqda walaalkiis ka weyn Ludwig.

Pope John VIII naadiyey Emperor Karl, rajeyneysa inay difaac ka khatar Carabta hesho. In 876, dhimashada Ludwig ka dib markii Jarmal, Carl, isku dayayaan in ay midoobaan oo dhan "Roman iyo Frankish boqortooyadiisa" gacmihiisa, duulay Germany, laakiin waxaa adkaaday wiilashii Ludwig. Dhanka kale, Italy, kuwo kayeelan waxay ka soo yaaceen si ay darbiyada Rome. baadari ayaa ugu baaqay boqor cusub caawimaad. Carl hore soo iibsaday off Normans ka dageen dooxada reebin ah, ka meermeerayo u tageen inay 877 ee Italy, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan soo orday ka baxay, ka cabsada bilawga ciidamada Jarmal. Ayuu jidka ku xanuunsaday oo ku dhintay da'da 54 sano. Warka dhimashada boqor ee tuush damacyo badan isku xigta si ay carshiga.

Xataa qiyaas Charles nacay uu adventures Talyaani, isagoo beeniyey in uu waxba kuma laha in Italy markii uu boqortooyada u gaar ah waxaa gooni ka dhicin lahaa. Si ay iyaga ugu qanciyo, Karl ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii labaad oo Talyaani idman beddelidda ee benefices dalkii hanti ahaan la iska dhaxlo, iyo sidoo kale tirada post hiddo. amar Tani waxa ay ahayd at meesha iyo sanadka ee horyaalka daabacaadan Kersiyskogo cutubka guriga 877 jagooyinka dawladda dacwadood oo ugaasyadii galay horyaal princely dhaxlo ayaa la soo jeestay. On dhulka, aasaasay guri ammaan ah princely xuquuqda sovereigns dhuleed. "Tiri nimcadii Ilaah" - gudbiyo naftooda in qaar ka mid ah 878 taliyayaasha goobaha.

Boqornimadii of ee la soo dhaafay guri ammaan ah Carolingian jiray waqti of baahinta dheeraad ah oo nabaad-xoog boqornimada iyo dillaac daah gal dhaqaalaha iyo qarannimada. guriga Royal cutubka shakin ku baaqay in dagaalka ka dhanka ah "boobka shar iyo halaag." "Waa la yaab leh waxa weeye in ... dadka nagu soo duulay, xadid fallo xoolahanaga, haddii mid kasta oo inaga mid ah waxaa la dhacayo ay deris dhow?" - guriga cutubka akhri 884

Hab-curin by Treaty of Verdun, soo baxday in dumis ah. Dhaleen Charles gudbiyay tusaale xun loogu talagalay carruurta iyo vassals. Inta lagu guda jiro internecine halgan si ay u ogaadaan ka hor wada isugu keenaa in carshiga Imperial, wuxuu bartay sida loo mid xerada ka guurto kale, baadda ah boqorrada soo horjeeda oo ka mid ah dhulka iyo mudnaanta. By dhammaadkii qarnigii IX ah. Karl Veliky ma ogaan lahaa ee uu kaga tegey boqortooyadiisa ka. Haysashada farcankiisa sii waday in ay "u qadimeen" in seigneury semi-madax-bannaan ah, iyo guri ammaan ah ugu dhakhsaha badan oo Tumeeya dhamaadka inglorious. In Italy Carolingians garoomada ilaa 887 g Bariga Francia (Germany) - ilaa 911; in West Francia (mustaqbalka France) - ilaa 987

Gaar ahaan qaddar riwaayado helay Lothar "dhexe" ee dalka. Ka dib markii uu dhintay in 855 ka mid ah waxa uu ku yaalaa on bangiga bidix ee Rhine ah, waxaa loo beddelaa boqortooyada madax banaan, ka qaaday inuu wiilkiisii labaad Lothar II. Waxaa la odhan jiray regnum Lothari, Sh Xasaan Xuseen. In ka badan kow iyo toban qarniyo soo socda Lorraine ahaa shayga of halgan u dhexeeya France iyo Germany, kaas oo socday ilaa iyo dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka.

Macnaha ku jira "fowdo seignorial," Zaman Karla Velikogo waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan "da'da oo dahab ah", oo uu - "aabaha of Europe".