Nidaamka Navigation. Marine Navigation Systems

qalabka Navigation waa kala duwan ee noocyada iyo hab doorinta. Waxaa jira nidaamyo loogu tala galay si loogu isticmaalo xaaladaha badda furan, halka kuwo kale ay ku habboon ee tacsida ballaaran oo dadka isticmaala, ka shaqeeya Hagaha inta badan ujeedooyin madadaalada. Waa maxay nidaamka navigation ah?

Waa maxay navigation?

Ereyga "navigation" waa ka soo jeedo Latin. erayga Navigo macnaheedu yahay "sabayn on markabka." Sidaas daraaddeed markii hore waxa uu ahaa shiidaa dhigmin maraakiibta ama navigation. Laakiin horumarka teknoolajiyada in loo fududeeyo waddada wareegga ah ee maraakiibta ku saabsan badaha, la dhalashada Duulista, technology bannaan, muddo ayaa si weyn u balaariyay kala duwan ee tarjumaanood.

Maanta, hoos navigation macnaha habka by kaas oo qofka ku xiran yahay gacanta ku gaar ah, iyadoo ay ku saleysan wadataa ay da'ayeen. Ie navigation ka kooban yahay laba nidaam - control toos ah, iyo sidoo kale haya'ad Jidka isitcmaalo shayga.

noocyada navigation

kala soocidda ee noocyada kala duwan ee navigation waa mid aad u ballaaran. khubaro Modern aqoonsado soo socda kala duwan oo ay ugu waaweyn:

- baabuur;

- makii;

- navigation xoolaha;

- hawada;

- bannaan;

- badda;

- navigation radio;

- satellite,

- dhulka hoostiisa;

- Macluumaad;

- latago.

Qaar ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee navigation xidhiidh dhow - inta badan ay sabab u tahay guud oo ka mid ah farsamooyinka lug. Tusaale ahaan, navigation gaari badanaa wuu adeegsanayaa alaabtii caadiga ah ee satellite.

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo dhowr ah kheyraadka farsamada waxaa isku mar loo isticmaalaa, sida, nidaamyada tusaale ahaan, navigation iyo macluumaadka. Waxaa laga yaabaa inay fure, sida khayraadka sida satellite. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ujeedada kama dambaysta ah ee iyaga oo isticmaalaya si ay ugu deeqdo kooxaha bartilmaameedka ah ee isticmaala macluumaadka lagama maarmaanka ah.

nidaamka navigation

Nooca baahisey foomamka navigation, sida caadiga ah, magac la mid ah nidaamka. Waxaa jira, sidaas, nidaamka navigation baabuur, badda, meel, iwm Qeexitaanka ereyga this sidoo kale ku jiraa isagoo bulshada khabiir. Nidaamka A navigation, sida ay fasiraadda caadi ah - a collection of noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka (iyo haddii ay khuseyso - iyo software-ka) in laguu ogolaado in aad si loo ogaado booska uu ka shayga, iyo sidoo kale si ay u xisaabiso uu wadada. xidhmo waxay noqon kartaa kala duwan halkan. Laakiin xaaladaha inta ugu badan, nidaamka lagu gartaa soo socda qaybaha asaasiga ah sida:

- kaararka (sida caadiga ah si elektaroonig ah);

- dareemayaal, satalayt iyo qaybaha kale ee xisaabinta wadataa,

- walxaha aan nidaam in ay bixiyaan warbixin ku saabsan goobaha juquraafi ahaaneed ee bartilmaameedka;

- unit hardware iyo falanqaynta software, xogta iyo wixii soo baxayey oo isku xira saddex ah maaddooyinka ugu horeeya.

Sida caadiga ah, qaab-dhismeedka kuwa ama nidaamyada kale oo ku habboon baahida dadka isticmaala dhamaadka. noocyo ka mid ah xal laga yaabaa in la sii cusleeyey horumariyo xagga qayb ka ah barnaamijka, ama, taas bedelkeeda, hardware. Tusaale ahaan, caan ku ah nidaamka Ruush navigation "Navitel" - tani waa dheeraad ah oo jilicsan. Waxaa loogu talagalay in ay isticmaalaan tiro balaadhan oo ah muwaadiniinta, lahaanshaha noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka mobile - laptops, kiniin, casriga ah.

Navigation by satellite

nidaamka navigation kasta qabanayaa, ugu horreeya oo dhan, go'aaminta u wadataa shay - sida caadiga ah juquraafi ah. Taariikh ahaan, qalabka aadanaha ee arrintan la xiriira waxaa si joogto ah hagaagtay. Maanta, nidaamyada navigation ugu horumarsan - satellite. qaab-dhismeedka ay ka wakiil yahay set oo ah qalabka-sax sare, qeyb ka mid ah oo ku yaalla on dhulka, ka kale - daba noqonayaa falagiisuu. nidaamyada navigation satellite Modern xisaabi kartaa ma aha oo kaliya wadataa juquraafi ahaaneed ee shay, laakiin sidoo kale xawaaraha iyo jihada ay dhaqdhaqaaqa.

Qaybaha of navigation satellite

Halabuurka The oo ka mid ah hababka kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda xubno ka aasaasiga ah, koox satellite, unugyada dhulka cabbir duwo waxyaabaha orbital iyo macluumaad kala beddelashada waxay iyaga qalabka dhammaadka-user (Navigator), qalabaysan software lagama maarmaanka ah, mararka qaarkood la - accessories waayo faahfaahinta of wadataa juqraafi (GSM-munaaraddii channels online, kati radio, iwm).

Sidee navigation satellite

Sidee nidaamka navigation satellite ah? The salaysan howlgalka - fog geynta cabiraada ka shayga si satalayt ah. Arintaan waxa uu ku yaalaa falagiisuu ku dhowaad oo aan badalayn booskiisa, iyo sababtoo ah meel had iyo jeer waa qof qaraabo joogto ah si ay dhulka. In Navigator ah, tirooyinka baahisey dhigay. Helitaanka satellite iyo isagoo xiran darina (ama si duwan), qalab ay go'aamiso, markeeda, ay ku taalo juqraafi ahaan. Habka aasaasiga ah halkan - xisaabinta masaafada in xawaaraha satellite-ku salaysan ruxruxo raadiyaha. wax Orbital diraa codsi ah in Earth la saxnimada gaar ah muddo - waxa uu u adeegsanayaa saacad ah qaaradda. Qaadashada jawaab ka Navigator ah, satellite ah (ama koox dhanba) go'aamiso fogaan ah in muddo waqti cayiman waqti noqotay ruxruxo raadiyaha. Sidoo kale, xawaaraha qiyaasay shayga - cabbirka waa wax yar oo kaliya ka adag.

dhibaatooyin Technical

Waxaan goostay in navigation satellite - ka ugu fiican ee hab maanta ee go'aaminta u wadataa juquraafi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka la taaban karo of technology this waxaa la socda qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyin farsamo. Waa maxay, tusaale ahaan? First of dhan, waa heterogeneity ee qaybinta duurka gravitational ee caalamka - taasi waxba ka baddelin booska uu ka qaraabo satellite inay dhulka ku. hantida la mid ah waxaa sidoo kale lagu gartaa jawiga. Its heterogeneity saamayn ku yeelan kara xawaaraha ee hirarka raadiyaha, taas oo ah sababta in dhinacyada kala duwan waxaa laga yaabaa in shaqo gaba.

dhib kale oo farsamo - signal ka satellite si Navigator soo diray, inta badan bixi waaya by shey kale jidhadhka dhulka. Sidaas darteed, isticmaalka buuxa ee nidaamka in magaalooyinka la dhismayaasha dhaadheer waa ay adag tahay.

isticmaalka la taaban karo ee satalayt

nidaamyada navigation Satellite ay ku tiro balaadhan oo ah codsiyada. Siyaabo badan - sida element ah oo noocyo kala duwan oo xal ganacsi oo hanuuninta rayidka ah. Waxay noqon kartaa sida qalabka guriga, iyo tusaale, warbaahinta MFT nidaamka navigation. isticmaalka rayidka reebo, satalayt khayraadka jira kormeerayaal xagga, khabiiro ku takhasusay ee cartography, shirkadaha gaadiidka, adeegyada bulshada ee kala duwan. Haseyeeshee waa satalayt firfircoon uga qayb qaataan. Gaar ahaan, waxaa la isticmaali karaa xisaabinta dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon tectonic of taarikada dhulka. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa hageyaasha satellite iyo sida qalab suuq ah - iyadoo la kaashanayo sirdoonka, taas oo ay jiraan habab of geopositioning, shirkadaha cilmi baaris saldhigga macaamiisha ay, iyo sidoo kale, tusaale ahaan, advertising la doonayey si toos ah. Dabcan, isticmaalaan hageyaasha iyo military - waxay, dhab ahaantii, horumariyo waaweyn a nidaamyada navigation maanta, GPS oo GLONASS - ee baahida ciidamada Mareykanka iyo Russia siday u kala horreeyaan. Markaasaa waxaa taas ma aha liis dhameystiran oo ah meelaha satalayt waxaa loo isticmaali karaa.

hababka casriga ah navigation

Waa kuwee navigation nidaamyada waxaa shaqeynaya maanta oo ay ku jiraan firfircoon ama waa in marxaladda of geeyo? Bal aan ka bilowno mid ka mid ah in u muuqday suuqa dadweynaha caalamka hore ka badan nidaamyada kale navigation - GPS. Its sameeysa iyo milkiilaha - US Department of Difaaca. Qalabka in isgaadhsiin iyada oo GPS-Satellite - ka ugu badan ee adduunka. Inta badan, sababtoo ah, sida aan kor ku sheegay, nidaamka navigation Mareykanka ayaa lagu soo bandhigay suuqa hore ka badan tartanka hadda.

Si firfircoon uga helo GLONASS caan. Tani waa - nidaamka navigation Ruush. Waxaa iska leh, markeeda, Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Ruushka. Waxaa loogu talagalay, sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah version, oo ku saabsan xilliga la mid ah sida in of GPS ah - in ay 80 ee dabayaaqadii - horraantii 90 ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, suuqa dadweynaha ayaa la rijeynaya in sida dhawaan sida sanadkii 2011. saarayaasha More iyo ka badan oo xal hardware fulinta taageero GLONASS navigation in qalabka ay.

Waxaa la malaysan in tartan dhab ah in GLONASS iyo GPS ka dhigi kara nidaam caalami ah navigation "Beidou", horumariyo Shiinaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilligan waxa keliya shaqeeya sida qaran ah. xaaladda Global waxaa ka heli kartaa, sida ay leeyihiin falanqeeyayaasha qaar ka mid ah, 2020, markii falagiisuu ku satalayt ku filan lagu soo bandhigi doonaa - oo ku saabsan 35. "Beidou" barnaamijka horumarinta nidaamka waa dhalinyaro ah - waxa uu kaliya bilowday kaliya ee 2000, iyo satellite ugu horeysay bilaabay in ay ku dhiirigelinayaan in Chinese 2007.

Isku dayga in ay sii Yurub. The GLONASS nidaamka navigation iyo dhiggiisa Mareykanka ee mustaqbalka dhow iyo sidoo kale geli karaan tartan la Galileo. koox Open ee satalayt in xaddiga saxda ah ee Yurub unugyada walxaha orbital qorsheeyo 2020.

Ka mid ah mashaariicda kale rajo u tahay horumarka nidaamyada navigation ah in la xuso karo Indian IRNSS, iyo QZSS Japan. Ku saabsan macluumaadka ugu horeysay ogeysiiyeen dadweynaha oo ku saabsan ujeedooyinka sameeysa ee ay weli loo abuuro nidaam caalami ah. Waxaa la malaysan in IRNSS u adeegi doonaa oo keliya dhulka ee Hindiya. Barnaamijku wuxuu sidoo kale waa quruxsan dhallinyarada - satellite ugu horeysay lagu riday falagiisuu 2008. nidaamka satellite Japan ayaa la filayaa in loo isticmaalo inta badan dhulka qaranka ee dalka ama horumariyaha ku xiga in ay.

sax qaabkaaga

waxaan kor ku xusan tiro ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka la xiriira hawlgalka nidaamyada navigation satellite. Ka mid ah ugu weyn, waxa aan loo yaqaan - meesha uu Satellite ee falagiisuu, ama dhaqdhaqaaqa jidka la doonayo aan had iyo jeer lagu gartaa xasiloonida waadaxa ah dhowr sababood. Xisaabinta waxaa la go'aaminaya shaqayn of wadataa juquraafi in Navigator ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aha arrin kaliya saameyn boos sax ah by satellite. Maxaa kale oo saamayn ku saxnaanta xisaabinta wadataa ah?

First of dhan, waa in la ogaadaa - kuwa saacadaha qaaradda in loo xiraa on satalayt ma yihiin had iyo jeer si buuxda oo sax ah. Waxay waa u suurtoobaan, in kastoo aad u yar, laakiin weli saamayn ku tayada khaladaad nidaamka navigation. Tusaale ahaan, haddii marka la xisaabinayo markii ugu taas oo la ruxruxo radio a guurayaan, kaa dhigi doonaa qalad heerka of tobanaan nanoseconds, yaqiin in go'aan ka soo baxay wadataa diirada dhulka waxay noqon kartaa dhowr mitir. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in satalayt casri ah ay leeyihiin alaabtii oo u oggolaan waayo, xisaabinta, xataa iyada oo account khaladaad ay suurtogal tahay in saacad kasta qaaradda.

Kor waxaannu xusay in ka mid ah waxyaabaha saameyn ku saxnaanta nidaamka navigation ah - heterogeneity oo ka mid ah dhulka jawi. Waxa ay noqon doontaa mid waxtar leh si ay u kaabaan this xaqiiqada macluumaadka kale ee la xiriira saamaynta ay ku yiil beerihii ku dhow-Earth on hawlgalka satalayt ah. Xaqiiqada ah in jawiga of dhulkeenna waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr qaybood. mid ka mid ah in ay dhab ahaantii waa on soohdintu waxay la meel free - ionosphere - waxay ka kooban tahay lakabka ah ee Qurub isagoo macalin u gaar ah. Waxay faragelinayaan hirarka raadiyaha, satellite soo diro, waxa uu yarayn karaa ay xawaaraha, dheehan fogaanshaha in shayga loo xisaabin karaa qaladka ah. Ogow in la noocan oo kale ah il dhibaatooyinka xidhiidhka horumarinta shaqada navigation satellite: caadiga ah ee algorithms qalabka orbital waxaa lagu daro noocyada kala duwan ee lagu saxayo seenyo, iyada oo la tixgelinayo in xisaabinta of marinka ee hirarka radio iyada oo ionosphere ah.

Daruuro iyo ifafaale kale atmosfeerta sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelan kartaa saxnimada nidaamyada navigation ah. uumiga biyaha jooga dalka layers kala hawada dhulka galkeeda, iyo sidoo kale qayb ka ah in ionosphere ah, saamayn xawaaraha hirarka raadiyaha.

Dabcan, ee la xiriira isticmaalka GLONASS qoyska ama GPS ee ka kooban cutubyo sida, sida nidaamka warbaahinta navigation, taasoo siyaabo badan yihiin madadaalo, qaar ka mid qalad yar ee Taangiyo iyo isku xirka oo aan looga maarmin. Laakiin marka isticmaalka military ee satalayt dhiganta xisaabaha in si horseednimo noqon khuseeya booska dhabta ah juquraafi ahaaneed ee shay.

Features of navigation badda

Ka dib markii hadlayaan nooca ugu casriga ah ee navigation, waxaan qaadan dalxiiska gaaban oo galay taariikhda. Sida la og yahay, muddo laftiisa, gudbiyo, markii ugu horeysay soo muuqday deegaanka badaha. Waa maxay astaamaha waxaa lagu gartaa nidaamka navigation badda?

Isagoo ka hadlayay dhinaca taariikhiga ah, waxaa suurto gal ah in la ogaado horumar ah oo alaabta muusikada ah ee asturidda baxriyiintii. Mid ka mid ah "Xalka hardware" ugu horeysay tiil meel, kaas oo waxaa loo arkaa by khubaro qaar ka mid ah in la been abuurtay qarnigii line. khariidaynta Geeddi-socodka, navigation sida qalabka muhiimka ah sidoo kale soo hagaagtay. In qarnigii XVI Gerard Mercator bilaabay inuu khariidada ku saleysan mabda'a ah ee codsiga of odoroska cylindrical leh xaglo siman. In qarnigii XIX ee waxaa la soo hindiseen arakayo - unug farsamo awood u qiyaaso xawaaraha maraakiibta. Qarnigii labaatanaad ee arsenal ee badmaax oo u muuqday radar, markaas ayaa satalayt isgaarsiinta meel. The nidaamka navigation badda ugu horumarsan hadda ka hawlgala, sidaas oo gurto faa'iidooyinka sahaminta meel nin. Maxay yihiin waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee ay shaqada?

khubarada qaar ayaa rumaysan in feature ugu weyn ee kaas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa nidaamka navigation badda casriga ah - qalabka caadiga ah lagu rakibay on markabka, ayaa iska caabin aad u dheer si ay u abrasion iyo biyo. Tani waa la fahmi karo - waa wax aan macquul aheyn in ay markab ku sugan kumanaan dabaasha furan of miles ka dalka, waxa uu ahaa in xaalad markii qalabka si lama filaan ah ku guuldareysto. On dhulka, halkaas oo ay helaan - khayraadka ilbaxnimada, wax walba oo la hagaajin karin, in badda - waa dhibaato.

Waa maxay astaamaha kale ee caanka ah ayaa nidaamka navigation badda? qalabka joogtada ah, marka lagu daro shuruudaha khasab - xirtaan iska caabin ah oo inta badan ka kooban modules ku habboon u qardarin of qaar ka mid ah oo xuduudaheedu deegaanka (qoto dheer, heer-kulka biyaha, iwm). Sidoo kale, xawaaraha markabka ee nidaamka navigation badda, in kiisas badan oo weli ma xisaabiyaa satalayt iyo hababka caadiga ah.