Nidaamka Bretton Woods

Nidaamka Bretton Woods la aasaasay 1944. Its magaca ka yimaadaa meeshii shirka lagu qabtay, magaalada Bretton Woods. Wakiilada ee dalal kala duwan ku soo gabagabeeyey in ay tahay ku habboon si ay u sameeyaan hagaajin gaar ah si ay jidka ku jira nolosha. Waxaa uu sidoo kale soo abaabulay Hay'adda Lacagta Adduunka (IMF) sida jidhku sharci mas'uul ka ah hirgelinta qodobada aasaasiga ah ee nidaamka.

Nidaamka lacageed oo caalami ah - go'an xiriirka oo yeelatay iyada oo sababtu tahay credit, dejinta iyo xawaalad kale oo ku saabsan gadashada iyo iibinta alaabta u dhexeeya dal oo kala duwan. hordhaca ah ee nidaamka cusub ee lagu qaaday si uu u adkeeyo waara sarrifka, waxaa la qorsheeyay in ay bixiyaan barti ee ay isbedel by yaraynta muhiimadda Heerka dahab ah.

The nidaamka lacagta Bretton Woods waxa lagu gartaa mabaadi'da soo socota oo aasaasi ah:

• U hogaansanaanta Heerka sarrifka dahab ah, in uu yahay, sida lacagta lacagta u dhexeeya dalalka ay Doolarka Maraykanka American maray, oo ku lifaaqan isaga u Sterling pound iyo brand ah.
• sinnaanta dahab dhowro of lacagaha. Taas macnaheedu waa in dahab laga heli karaa beddelkeeda lacag warqad at heerka go'an.
• hordhaca ah ee heerka go'an sarrifka la nooca leexasho la ogolaan karo in cadadka boqolkiiba hal.
• Hubinta xasiloonida ee koorsada. Codso farsamooyinka sida revaluation iyo qiime dhaca, kuwaas oo ay Dawladdu, haddii loo baahdo.
• Dabcan, Abuuridda IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunka si loo fududeeyo habka iskaashiga ka dhexeeya waddamada iyo taageero labada dhinac midba midka kale.

Waxaa loo maleeyey in dalka si ay ula qabsadaan heerka sarrifka waa bangiga dhexe. Haddii ay dhacdo xaalad allifey oo, tusaale ahaan, kor u unit heerka xisaabinta si shahaado loo dulqaadan karin, uu sii daayay suuqa tiro badan oo ah lacagaha, taasoo baahida ay u sameeyeen. Oo sidaas, xaaladda dambe ayaa lagu arkay markuu u dhaco.

Marka fuliyay Shirka Woods Bretton ah, fikradda ugu muhiimsan uu ahaa in Gobolka siiyo suurtogalnimada uu is-qabsadaan in a koorsooyin si degdeg ah la beddelo. Doorkan ugu horayn u adeegeen Heerka dahab ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo-aragnimo ayaa muujisay in waxtarka of boos la siin jiray muddo kooban ah, sababtoo ah tan iyo 1950, horumarinta firfircoon ee dhibaatada on masraxa caalamka.

Sidaas darteed, marka suuqa dhaqaale xad dhaaf ah kor u kacay heerka, dowladda ay doorteen mid ka mid ah laba hab sax ah si wax looga qabto xaaladda this: sidoo kale in ay ku tiirsan yihiin waxtarka siyaasad lacageed, ama geli heerka go'an cusub. Haddii doorashada ee habka labaad, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la beddelo siyaasadda dhaqaale in looga hortago lahaa celceliyay dhacdooyinka xun ee mustaqbalka. Sida caadiga ah, marka dhibaato noocan oo kale ah soo wajahay, xukuumadda kuma ay dhicin inay sameeyaan doorasho gaar ah ay guushu ku doorasho midkood. Ka dib oo dhan, tallaabo kasta oo keeni karta in koror weyn oo tirada shaqo la'aanta dalka, taas oo dowladda diyaar u ma ahaa.

The nidaamka lacagta Bretton Woods uu ku salaysan yahay isbedelka ku dhacay koorsada of unugyada lacageed, halka qiimaha sarrifka oo dahab ah oo weli heer la mid ah inta lagu guda jiro muddo dhan hawlgalka nidaamka. Waxaa laga hadlayaa oo ku saabsan isticmaalka aan buuxin ee awoodaha jira, sida reserve dahab ah waxaa loo arkaa inay taageero la isku halleyn karo, maxaa yeelay, miraheeda waxaa lagama badin muddo.

Sayidka, nidaamka Bretton Woods ka soo shaqeeyay dalalka IMF ayaa xubin muddo ku dhow soddon sannadood iyo natiijooyinka la filayaa ma keeno. Tan waxa u sabab muran weyn, kaas oo la dhigay waqtiga ay ururka. Nidaamka oo dhan waxaa la dhisay on aasaaska qalcaddayda ah dollar Maraykanka iyo xasilinta ee lacagaha kale ee la xiriirta in ay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka sarrifka waara oo kaliya waxaa lagu gaari karaa by yareynta lacagta salka, sida Doolarka Maraykanka. burburkii nidaamka ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay horumarka firfircoon ee sicir bararka ee heerka caalamiga ah.