Letter Gogol in Belinsky: kooban, falanqaynta

Inta lagu jiro qarniyo hal iyo badh ururada Ruush aqoon bulshada ku lug deeqsi ah, dhaqdhaqaaqa communist, oo dulsaar leh baadhaya muran caanka ah ee u dhexeeya V. G. Belinskim iyo N. V. Gogolem, siin doorashada si muran ugu horeysay.

dhaleeceyn suugaanta

Ka dib markii 1917, khilaafka ka mid ah rag badan oo ka mid ah koorsooyinka waxbarashada guud. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in buugaagta waxaa lagu tilmaamay oo keliya hal dhibic ka mid ah aragtida ku dooday by Belinskiy V. G. Warqad Gogol muuqataa habdhaqanka xagga xaqiiqada muujinaysaa midnimo la fikirrada fikradaha deeqsi-dimuqraadi ah oo uu. Nikolai isla khusaysaa Konserfatifka. In Gogol fekeraya of kacaan Russia ahayd ma aha oo kaliya aan loo baahnayn, laakiin xitaa waxyeello. All xukummo in lidiga isaga ka, loo maleeyey in kiiska ugu fiican, si ay u fasiro, sidaas iyaga beddelo shisheeya aqoonsi. Tobaneeyo sano, suugaanta tarjumaya Gogol-ka rasmiga ah ee kooxdiisa ka mid ah oo kaliya. Waxa uu u dhaqmeen sida naqdi ah "bulsho taas oo uu ku noolaa." Waxa ay muujisay sida qoraa kuwaas oo shaqo doonayaa oo kaliya in lagu muujiyo dhinacyada xun ee mulkiilaha ganacsade jira dunida, anti-qof oo nooca -Raaxaysta- ah. Kooxda ruuxiga ah ee Nikolai ku hadhay hoosku.

sababta khilaafka

December 31, 1846 yimid daabaco kitaabka Gogol. Waxaa loo yaqaan "Curisyada Xulay ka Correspondence la Friends". Cadhooday Belinsky dhow isla markiiba ku qoray warqad uu u diray Gogol. In waxa, uu ku baaqay in buugga "qudhmay", ku eedeeyay Jaahil ah ay qoraaga of xaqiiqda. Shayga waxaa ugu danbeyn si joogto ah laga saaray wareegga iyo meeleeyay kaydinta daboolay. Ruush ogol yahay in ay akhri "Isbatooraha", "Naftooda dhintay", "Wii", "Nevsky Prospect" iyo sheekooyin kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoraaga qudhiisa loo yaqaan "Curisyada soo xulay ..." uu kaliya buugga macquul ah. Currently, waxay akhristayaasha ku soo laabtay.

opinion dadweynaha

Book 1846 sababay in sare caro bulshada Ruush. Intii lagu guda jiray sannadahan, qorayaasha badan ayaa horey noocyo kala duwan oo sababaha Gogol si ay u qoraan. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa sheegay in ay ahayd qoraaga a marin habaabin adag oo qadhaadh ayaa laga badiyay fahamka saxda ah ee dhabta ah oo ku wareegsan. Qaar kale waxay dareemeen in kitaabkii ka tarjumaysaa uu tabar, ma aha oo kaliya mid fekeraya, laakiin sidoo kale qofka oo dhan. Qaar kalena ay sheegayaan in Gogol cabsi gunaanad in ka soo raacay shuqulladiisa kale ee fanka. Tan afraad rumeysan yahay in kitaabka tusay ee isbedbedelka fikirka qoraaga, kuwaas oo laga helay isaga qudhiisa ku xayiran Sixir iyo utopias socodnimo.

Warqad Belinsky ee Gogol: kooban

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay ka weecdeen arrintii ka mid ah hawlaha dhaleeceyn suugaanta, sida lagu qoray wax yar ka hor inta uusan dhiman. Lenin rumeysan yahay in ay warqaddii u Gogol ahaa mid ka mid ah shuqulladii fiican saxaafadda dimuqraadi ah sharci-darrada ah. Its qiimaha la hayo xitaa waqti dheer. Marka ugu horeysa, buugga "Curisyada soo xulay ..." ayaa la sara kiciyey, sida calan, la kulmay jawaab togan on qayb ka mid ah bulshada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, rideen muhim ayay siiyey warqaddii u Gogol. Maxaa dhaleecayn leeyahay? In khadadka uu, wuxuu siiyey soocista a arxan qoraaga. Naqdiya isaga loo yaqaan "wax wacdiya karbaashka, Rasuulka jaahiliinta, kooxda heysata horyaalka ee obscurantism iyo panegyrist obscurantism anshaxa ilkeed." Warqad Belinsky ee Gogol, oo kooban kuwaas oo retold Petrashevzy oo dhan wareegyada horusocod ah ee bulshada, hadal ah oo danaha iyo fikradaha dadka ka soo horjeeda -Raaxaysta- ah, serfdom. Dhaleeceyn ayaa sheegaya in qoraaga hore cambaareeyey xukuumadda Saarka, jees jeesi jireen dadka dhulka la diriray serfdom. goobada Kacaanka qaaday Gogol. Wuxuu ka dhigay waddanka oo dhan ku qosli Plyushkin Sobakevich, isbatooraha guud, taas oo shaki la'aan aad bay u fududeeyey halganka iyaga la. In dareenka hadafka, wuxuu cambaareeyey serfdom. Warqad Belinsky ee Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich garabaka jeer jir. Dhaleeceyn dhihi ay ixtiraam iyo jeclahay isaga, sida nin, waxaa koonka ku xiran dalka, adeegaya sida mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha on waddada horumarka. Ka dib markii la sii daayo ee buugga "Curisyada soo xulay ..." Belinsky siiyey dib u eegid aad u xun ee "Casriga". Waqtiga uu call in Nikolai Vasilyevich waxaa laga yaabaa in aan la daabacay, laakiin helay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahsan. Qaybta sare ee bulshada iyada oo aan wax dhib fahamsan yahay nuxurka ay warqaddii u Gogol. Naqdiya caasiyoobeen wacdiga ku saabsan "Xumaan iyo hoos jiifsataa ilaalinta diinta iyo karbaashka." Belinsky tilmaamay warqad uu u diray nooca Cilmaaniyadda oo ka mid ah dadka Ruush. Isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu aqoonsan yahay taariikhaynta Masiix iyo cilmiga ee xoriyadda, walaaltinimo iyo sinnaanta. Warqad ku Gogol, Belinsky, ee gaaban, wuxuu noqday manifesto ee fikirka iyo hormartay Russia. "Magaca naqdiga lagu yaqaanay in ay wakiil kasta oo dhalinyarada horusocod ah", - ayaa sheegay in Aksakov.

Warqad Belinsky ee Gogol: Falanqaynta

ammaantaada aad u sarayso in naqdiya siiyey Lenin. Inkasta oo dawladdu ay eryadeen in ay ku kaydiso oo akhriyey. In opinion ee wakiilka iyo Petrashevists laanta saddexaad, dhaleecayn sheegay dhigay jaceylka universal. Warqad Belinsky ee u dhaqmo sida taallo weyn oo fikirka bulshada. Dhaleeceyn yidhaahdo oo ku saabsan Nikolai Vasilievich mar dambe sida artist ugu fiican, laakiin sida publicist dibusocod ah. Buug uu ku dooday in Nikolaev -Raaxaysta-, serfdom taageeray. waxaa N. V. Gogol bixinayay mulkiilaha, isaga ku wacdiyey "aabbe u ahaa qastaan", ayuu tilmaamay lagama maarmaan u hogaansamidda isaga. Qalcadda wuxuu u bixiyey "gafuurka aan dhaqnayn." Nin oday Gogol more baray xalinin oo shaqada ridayeen, wacaya addeecidda boqorkii iyo amiirradiisii, fulinta caadooyinkii hore. All this keentay in dhaleeceyn fiiqan. Belinsky sheegay in badbaadada Russia ee ma aha in qaribaadii, mysticism iyo pietism, iyo guusha aadanaha, waxbarashada iyo ilbaxnimada. Waxa uu si cad ka soo horjeeda wacdinta baaqaya baraaruga ee dadka isku kalsooni, oo qarniyo tuntay ee wasakhda iyo wasakh. Warqaddiisii uu u Gogol Belinsky qoraa tilmaamay baadi ee la xiriirta xaqiiqada. Dhaleeceyn ayaa sheegaya in dadweynaha uma Dambi dhaafo dan noocan oo kale ah, waayo xorriyadda, kaas oo lagu qeexay buugga. Isagoo ka hadlayay ka dhanka ah serfdom, Belinsky dhalaalaysa shiday dulli oo dhan. Ka dib markii reading ku "Curisyada soo xulay ...", naqdiya ayaa waxaa lagu dhuftay by isbedelka ka dhacay maanka qoraaga. More dhawaan, ka qalin yimid "Isbatooraha" iyo "Naftooda dhintay", canbaareeyay nidaamka mulkiilaha, ka dhigo mid maad isaga. Waa inaan sheegaa in waqtiga qoraal uu buugga Gogol dibadda joogay. Tani weli waa dood kale oo dhaleeceyn ah. Belinsky ayaa sheegay in aadan, idinka fog tahay karaan dalka, si ay u fahmaan xaaladda. Dhanka kale, dhaliila, ayaa rajeynaya in kuwan oo dhan fikirrada qoraaga ahaayeen natiijada qaladaad uu, isaga dhiiri si ay u abuuraan shaqo miisaan, kaas oo uga takhalusi lahaayeen lahaa saamaynta uu buugga.

fariimaha Notes

Belinsky ayaa waxaa lagu dhuftay erayadii Gogol ku saabsan wax matare, xataa harmfulness ee ansixinta ah ee dadka caadiga ah. Nikolai erayada laga yaabo in uu buugga - habaabin, aslanba diiday. Belinsky sheegay in line noocan oo kale ah oo fikirka ah in Russia ayaa muddo dheer la yaqaan. Waxaa intaa dheer, dadka dhaleeceeya farta ku la'aanta ah ee sirdoonka kasta ah iyo talanti in shaqada. Waxa uu sheegay in ay tahay in si kasta oo aan ku haboonayn in la jirka kuwa la abuuray oo in la abuuray isaga by hore. go'aanka in buugga ahaa midhaha xanuunada maskaxda Gogol, Belinsky gacansaydhay. Wuxu this by xaqiiqada ah in qoraal ahaan waxaa la fuliyay in ka badan maalin ama laba, iyo laga yaabee sano.

Jawaab Nikolai

Sidii lagu kor ku sheegay, naqdiya daabacday maqaal ku saabsan buug cusub "Curisyada soo xulay ..." ee "Casriga". Xumaadeen waxa by, Gogol warqad u qoray Belinsky. Waxa uu sheegay in dhaleeceynta uu buugga, u badan tahay in ay keento xiriirka shakhsiyeed. Dhanka kale Belinsky xanuunsaday. Joogista Russia, isagu uma uu jawaabi kari waayeen Nikolai Vasilyevich, maxaa yeelay, wakhtigaas u dhaqmeen si adag tixan. Laakiin cudur uu ku qasbay in ay dibadda aadaan. Meeshaas ayuu ka reply cadhaysan u soo diray.

Letter Gogol in Belinsky soo diray on August 10. In ay u qoraaga aad uga naxay reaction dadweynaha in uu buugga. Waxa uu sheegay in uu helay 50 dib u fiiriyaan oo ay ku jiray oo dhan oo kala duwan. Nikolai aqoonsan yahay in, dhab ahaantii, xaalad liidata fahamsan yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warqad Gogol in Belinsky waxaa loogu yeedhi toobadda ah "Curisyada soo xulay ...". Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaan dhihi karaa in uu garan waayeen qaladka uu fikrado, natiijooyinka, ereyadooda iyo fikradahooda. Wuxuu uun dhahaa kan imanaya in Russia, iyo mar kale eegto si aad u ogaato oo dhan ay jirto in ay. warqad ugu danbeysay ee Gogol in Belinsky muujinaysaa colnimadiinna ah qoraaga in la abuuro wax cusub, ka hor inta uusan ma booqan dalka. Qoraaga sidaas ayaa aaminsan in xitaa kuwa dadka ku jira Russia, si buuxda uma garan karaa xaaladda oo dhan. Jeestay Vissarionu Grigorevichu, uu ka soo tilmaamay in isaga iyo xisbigiisa ay sidoo kale wax badan oo isaga loo ma ogaan karo. Iyadoo la raacayo, faham buuxa ah sababaha loo abuuro "Curisyada soo xulay ...", ma noqon karo. Warqad Gogol ee Belinsky ma keento wax, meel ku baaqay in. Nikolai isku dayo inuu xaq yahay in qaar ka mid ah habka ay u sharxaan gobolka dusha sare. Isla mar ahaantaana uu ka warqaba in, u badan tahay, erayada uu la naqdiga resonate doonaa.

Warqad Gogol ee Belinsky ka tarjumaysaa gobolka ee qoraaga. Wuxuu ahaa niyadjab iyo ku dhawaad halaagnay eedeymahaas. wareegyada Progressive kulmay dhirif ee uu shaqada, laakiin xiiso leh hadlayaan jawaab G. Vissarion. Inkastoo ay taageero la siiyo by buugga dowladda uu, Gogol ma la kulmaan qanceen taas oo la filayo. In ay jawaab u naqdiyay aysan u tilmaamaya sababaha dhabta ah in dhalisay in aan qoro buugga. Letter Gogol in Belinsky muuqataa haydh iyo cawlan, oo fariin dhaleeceyn la barbar dhigo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay in sidoo kale diiradda isu on. Isla mar ahaantaana uu ka soo tilmaamay Belinsky in uu aad u "kala firdhiyey." Waxa uu sheegay in naqdiya iska dhega baahida loo qabo in la ogaado inuu isagu og yahay in la fahmo sababaha iyo Fikirradooda oo dhammu. Warqad Gogol ee Belinsky 1847 darafyadiisa caafimaadka doonayo. Nikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu xusuusinayaa in kaliya maqnaanshaha cudur laga yaabaa macquul ah si loo maamulo xaaladaha duurka kasta.

natiijooyinka

Gogol Belinsky tilmaamay in laga Russia marka laga reebo, xaalada ay u muuqataa in ay noqon arrin ku faraxsanahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma noqon doonto meel u dhow si qurux badan. Gogol u qirtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay la socoto this, iyo waxa uu sheegay in naqdiya qudhiisu wax badan ma ogaan karaan. Laakiin, ka duwan Belinsky, Gogol muujinaysaa in uu diyaar u yahay inuu qirto qalad iyo shaqeeyaan iyaga on yahay. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxay doonayaan waa la mid ah in aan la arki naqdiya, kaas oo, Dabcan, waxaa aad u niyad-jab. Waxa uu sheegay in Russia waa marinkii dhacdooyinka weyn oo u baahan in dadka nolosha u arkaan ka soo dhinacyada oo dhan, ma guuxa idinla galay kacaan. Waxaa laga yaabaa in Gogol run ahaantii waxaa saamayn ku waxbaristiisa diimeed. Aragtida wixii uu haystay, fikirradiisiina wuu xagga -Raaxaysta- diray. Waxa uu ka hadlay xidhiidhka ka ruuxiga ah ee dadka iyo boqorka, baahida loo qabo in badbaadin oo ay sii wadaan. Tani waxay soo maratay la barbar dhigay fikradaha uu hore u raacay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababta oo ah reply Belinsky in ay ka tanaasulaan fikirradooda, isagu ma doonayaan in ay. Waxa uu diyaar u yahay in dib-u-baaro oo kaliya Russia iyo gobolka ee arrimaha halkaas. Laakiin waa badan tahay, waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd ay u xaqiijiso in ay isaga ka wayn fikraddiisa.

shaqaalaha Isgaarsiinta

Belinsky iyo Gogol ahaayeen saaxiibo mar wanaagsan iyo taageerayaasha fikradaha qaar ka mid ah. First, sida naqdi ah, waxaan horey Dowladda ee dalabaadka bulshada iyo siyaasadda xoog leh, isagoo sheegay on baahida degdegga ah ee dadweynaha asaliga ah, kuwaas oo ka hoos mariya harqoodka of serfdom ahaayeen. Waxaa ka mid ah arrimaha ugu daran ee aannu mar, uu sabab ah la joojiyo of rigoore, hordhaca ah ee fulinta adag ee sharciyada hadda jira. shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan uu ahaa in ay afgembiyaan nidaamka serfdom. Gogol, oo iyana, sida qoraa marag ka gees ah -Raaxaysta- dadka dhulka leh, saraakiisha. Waa in this views isugu dadkan. Belinsky, ifi booska Dulleeya ah yaroow, ku qoray in Russia uu noqdo dal cabsi badan, taas oo ah ka ganacsiga dadka. In gobolka jirin damaanado hantida, maamuus iyo shakhsiyadda, laakiin sidoo kale si ay bilayska ma aha oo kaliya. Hawsha aasaasiga ah ee Belinsky arkay burburinta serfdom. shaqada suugaanta, in uu ra'yi, wuxuu ahaa hage loogu talagalay dadka. Sida qoraa, wuxuu arkay madaxda taliska cusub. iyaga ka mid ah ixtiraam weyn iyo jacayl, iyo Belinsky, iyo xubnaha kale ee bulshada sare riyaaqay Gogol. Laakiin, in ay dibadda aadaan, wuxuu daabacay buug in afgembiyaa oo dhan fikradaha isaga ku saabsan.

gunaanad

Ka jawaabaya cabashooyinka, Gogol ma keento dood kasta oo ay raalli. Isaga oo qudha ayaa sheegayaa xaqiiqooyinka la aasaasay. No, in uu warqad u doonaya in la hagaajiyo, "mar kale qabaa", si ay u raali gelin, ka dib oo dhan, ka hor dadweynaha. Buug uu qoray ma ahaa wakhtigii la aqoonsan yahay qaybaha sare ee bulshada. Waxa uu ahaa sababta ugu waynina xaqiiqada ah in dadka aad uga taaban damac ah, nolol cusub oo lacag la'aan ah in ay bixiyaan -Raaxaysta- ah ayaa awoodi waayay inuu.