Joogto ah Hubble. ballaarinta ee caalamka. Law Hubble ee

Haddii qof uu u maleeyo in ereyga "firdhi" waadixa ah waa Isboortiga ee xad-dhaaf ah, "antisupruzhesky" Dabeecada waa qaldo. Waxaa jira fasiraad kale oo badan oo xiiso leh. Tusaale ahaan, Sharciga Hubble ku cosmological ayaa soo jeedisay in Galaxy heli ...!

Saddex nooc oo Nebulae

Bal qiyaas: madow, a vacuum weyn nidaamyada star iyo si aayar ka fog midba midka kale, "Good-bye! Nabadgelyo! Nabadgelyo. " Waxaa laga yaabaa in, gees u "digressions lyrical" oo u soo jeesan daliilka cilmibaarista. In 1929, astronomer ee ugu saameynta badan ee qarnigii XX saynisyahan American Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) gaarnay heer ah in ay jirto ballaarinta joogto ah caalamka oo u yimaadeen.

Man, naftiisa dadka waaweyn oo dhan si ay u soo oogayaa qaabka Cosmos ee, waxa uu ku dhashay Marshfield (Missouri). Musmaarro xunxun ee xiiseynaya xiddigaha, laakiin ugu danbeyn ku noqday qareen shahaado. Ka dib ka qalin Jaamacada Cambridge, Edwin shaqeeyay Chicago, in Observatory York. In Dagaalkii Adduunka ee koowaad (1914-1918 GG.) DAGAASHAY. sano u futay shaqaale oo keliya dib u riixay waqtiga furitaanka. Maanta, dunida oo dhan sayniska ogyahay waxa si joogto ah u Hubble.

On jidka loo maro helitaanka

Ka dib markii ka soo laabtay hore, saynisyahan waxay u leexatay xagga fiirinta ah sumalka uguma Mount Wilson (California) oo uu dareenka. Waxa uu aqbalay inuu halkaas ka shaqeeyaan. In jacaylka la xiddigaha, ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa oo waqti badan ku qaatay eegaya baaxadda weyn ee lenses xoqad 60 iyo 100 inches. Waagaas - ugu weyn, ugu fantastic! On qalabka, alifay ka soo shaqaysay muddo ku dhow toban sano ah, hubinta weyneeyey iyo image suurto gal Hufnaan ugu sareeya.

Xasuustaan, soohdintu waxay arki karo caalamka oo dhan waxaa lagu magacaabaa Metagalaxy. Waxay u imanayaa inuu gobolka waqtiga Bang Big ah (singularity ku cosmological). bixinta Modern sheegayaa in qiimaha oo ka mid ah geysid jirka waa dhqaalaha (ie ee xawaaraha iftiinka, lacag hoose, iwm). Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Metagalaxy caawinaysa 80 billion falagyada (tiradaasi la yaab leh dhawaaqyo dheeraad ah oo sidan oo kale: 10 sextillion iyo 1 quadrillion xiddigaha). The qaab, miisaanka iyo size - in caalamka oo dhan oo gebi ahaanba ka duwan yahay helay on fikradda Earth.

dahsoon Cepheid

Si ay u caddeeyaan aragti ah si ay u sharxaan ballaarinta caalamka, waxa ay qaadataa a barbardhigo adag cilmi qoto dheer iyo xisaabinta. In ka horraanta labaataneeyada qarnigii XX ee askari ee la soo dhaafay ugu dambeyntii ahaa awoodaan in ay kala saaraan Nebulae arkay gooni Jidka calooshiisa ka. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu helay, waxay ka dari, elliptical oo aan joogto ahayn (saddex noocyada).

In nidaamka xiddiga noo dhow, laakiin ma aha muquuninta ugu dhow nebula Andromeda, Edwin arkay Cepheid (class xiddigaha gaboowday). sharciga Hubble uu ahaa abid ku dhow in ay formation final. Astronomer xisaabiyaa masaafada kuwaas kati iyo size of Galaxy ugu weyn ee Group Hoose. Sida laga soo xigtay gunaanadka uu ANDROMEDA ka kooban qiyaas ahaan hal trillion xiddigaha (2.5-5 jeer Jidka calooshiisa ka).

joogto ah

Culimada qaarkood, sharxaya nooca Cepheids ah, iyaga barbar kubadaha caag buufin. ka dibna waxay u badan, ka dibna hoos u, ka dibna u dhow, ka dibna ka guuraan. War sidee xawaare ku radial kala duwan. At riixo heerkulka kordhay "socotada" (in kasta oo dusha sare hoos). xiddigaha gaboowday waa pendulum aan caadi ahayn, ha dhawaado ama ha joojin.

Like inta kale ee nebula ah, Andromeda waxa lagu gartaa saynisyahano sida meel bannaan oo ah jasiirad universal, garabaka our Galaxy. In 1929, Edwin helay: velocities radial of falagyada iyo masaafada ay tahay wada xiriira, waa linearly ku tiirsan. Wehliyaha waxa lagu qeexaa, waxay muujiyeen in km / s MPC (MPC). Tan waxaa loo yaqaan joogto ah Hubble. Ballaarinta caalamka - beddelo joogto ah. Laakiin mar uun gaar ah oo dhan dhibcood ee caalamka waa nidaam la mid ah. In 2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC.

Fikradaha nidaamka caalamka, horumar sii, extensible, markaas helay saldhig dheehidda. Geedi socodka si firfircoon bartay xiddigaha ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. In 1942 wuxuu madax waaxda ballistics dibadda ee Aberdeen ee caddaynaya Ground (USA). Ma associate riyadan, laga yaabee, ugu dahsoon ee dunida ka mid ah sayniska? No, uu doonayo in uu "fasirid" sharciyada geesood qarsoon oo falagyada fog! Iyadoo la tixgelinayo aragtida siyaasadeed, astronomer ee si cad u dhalleeceeyay hogaamiyaha Reich Saddexaad ee Adolf Hitler. Marka ay dhamaato ee uu noloshiisa uu yaqaan Hubble isticmaalka a cadow awood hubka burburka culus geysta. Laakiin back to nebula ah.

Velikiy Edvin

geysid badan oo ah sumalka uguma waxaa laga beddelo mudo ka dib, waxaa jira ikhtiraac cusub. Laakiinse ma ay la la Law of ballaarinta caalamka ee marka la barbar dhigo karo. The astronomer caanka Hubble XX qarnigii (tan iyo wakhtigii Copernicus facooda ahayn!) Rid on par leh aasaasihii physics tijaabo by Galileo iyo author of wax soo saarka cusub oo jiritaanka nidaamka hugaaminaya by William Herschel.

Xitaa ka hor sharciga Hubble ayaa la ogaaday, in ay qoraaga noqday xubin ka mid ah Academy Qaranka ee Sciences of United States of America, ka dib tacliinta sare ee dalal kala duwan, ayaa abaalmarino badan. Dad badan ayaa laga yaabaa maqlay oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah in ka badan toban sano ka hor, ayaa la bilaabay galay falagiisuu oo si guul ah ka hawlgala xoqad bannaan "Hubble". Magaca Tani waa bohol a on Dayaxa, mid ka mid ah meerayaasha yar orbiting dhexeeya Mars iyo Jupiter (asteriyoodh ah).

Waxa aan noqon lahaa arrin cadaalad ah si ay sheegayaan in astronomer kaliya oo doonayay inuu magiciisa hurin, laakiin waxaa jira caddayn aan toos ahayn in Edwin jeclaa inay soo jiitaan dareenka. Save the photo taas oo uu ku faraxsan iska dhigaya soo socda si xiddigaha movie. Just hoos annagaa ku sheegi doonna ku saabsan isku day uu "hagaajin" heerka guusha on Laureates ah, ka badan iyo sidaas galo taariikhda cosmology.

Habka Henrietta Leavitt

The astrophysicist caanka British Stiven Hoking in uu buugga "History A Warbixinta Gaarka ah ee Time", ku qoray in "la ogaaday in caalamka oo dhan ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay, waxa uu noqday kacaanka ugu weyn caqliga qarnigii XX ah". Hubble ahaa nasiib ku filan oo ay ku sugan yihiin meel sax ah waqtiga saxda ah. Mount Wilson Observatory jiray xarunta of daawashada shaqada in caddeynayaa ee jaamacadaha UCLA cusub (ka dib yeedhay cosmology). The xoqad ugu awooda badan on Earth Hooker uun rido hawlgalka.

Laakiin joogto ah Hubble waxaa si dhib leh ku furay oo kaliya ku salaysan nasiib. samir looga baahan yahay, dulqaadasho, awood u leeyahay inuu ku guuleysto ay xafiiltamaan ee tacliinta. Sidaas astronomer Maraykanka Harlou Shepli bixiyeen model ee Galaxy. Waxa uu horay u yaqaan cilmiga ah, si ay u qeexaan size ee Jidka calooshiisa ka. Waa habka loo isticmaalo in lagu go'aamiyo masaafada of Cepheids la isticmaalayo habka soo dhuray ilaa 1908 by Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Wuxuu muujinayaa fogaanshaha in shayga, oo ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha caadiga ah ee iftiinka uga xiddigaha ugu qatarsan (Variables Cepheid).

No boodh iyo gaaska, iyo falagyada kale

Harlou Shepli rumeysan yahay in width oo ka mid ah 300,000 oo sano iftiin Galaxy (oo ku saabsan toban jeer ka badan qiimaha la ogolaan karo). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Shapley, sida cirbixiyeyaasha ugu waqtiga, hubay Jidka calooshiisa ka - taasi waa caalamka oo dhan. In kasta oo soo jeedinaya horreeyey waxaa la sameeyey by William Herschel qarnigii XVIII ka, uu la wadaago aaminsan caadi ah in dhammaan nebula waxyaalaha xad dhow - kaliya bar of boodh iyo gaaska ah oo cirka jooga.

Sidee badan oo qadhaadh, habeen qabow qaatay Hubble fadhiya xoqad awood Hooker ka hor inta uusan xaqiijin karin in khalad Shapley. Bishii Oktoobar 1923, Edwin ogaaday in nebula ee M31 (Andromeda) "baxay" mawduuca oo soo jeediyay in uusan ka tirsan Jidka calooshiisa ka. baaritaan taxadir of taarikada sawir, kaas oo lagu qabtay isla aagga hore baaritaan ku cirbixiyeyaasha kale, oo ay ku jiraan Shapley Ka dib, Edwin ogaaday in Cepheid.

helay Cosmos ee

Hubble isticmaalo habka Shapley lagu qiyaaso fogaanshaha in xiddigaha variable. Waxaa soo baxay in ay ka dhigan tahay in malaayiin sano iftiin ka Earth in uu yahay meel ka durugsan Jidka calooshiisa ka. Galaxy ayaa laftiisa ku jira malaayiin xiddigaha. Loo yaqaan Caalamka ayaa si ballaadhan u fideen maalinta, iyo - in dareen - Cosmos ayaa laga helay!

Wargeyska The "New York Times" qoray: "daahfurka ee Nebulae muquuninta yihiin nidaamyada xiddiga Dr. Hubbel (SIC) taageertaa aragtida ah in ay u eg yihiin." Samo Island "la mid ah noo gaar ah." Discovery ahayd muhiimadda ugu weyn dunida ah sumalka uguma, laakiin xilligan ugu weyn ee Hubble ahaa weli u yimaadaan.

ma guurto ah

Sida aan ku sheegay, guul for "Copernicus №2» yimid 1929, markii uu ku tilmaamay inay dhan nebula yaqaan iyo velocities ay qiyaasay spectra iftiinka timaada. Its daahfurka yaabo in dhammaan falagyada waxaa soo wajahday yaraanta naga xawaare saamiyeed si ay meel fog sii kordhaya Jidka calooshiisa ka, dunida naxay. sharciga Hubble ee baabiiyo fikrad soo jireenka ah ee caalamka ka guurto ah, oo muujisay in iyaduba waxaa ka buuxa dhaqdhaqaaqa. qudhiisa Einstein, markaasuu madaxa foororshay hore ee awoodaha la yaab leh sida daawashada.

Author ah aragtida of relativity saxo isleegyo u gaar ah, kaas oo xaq ballaarinta caalamka. Haddaba, Hubble muujisay in Einstein sax ahaa. waqti Hubble - bedelka ee joogto ah ee Hubble (t _H = 1 / H). Tani waa markii ugu caan ku ballaarinta caalamka waqti xaadirkaan.

Qarxay oo kala firdhiyey

Marka si joogto ah ee sanadka 2016 ee loo siman yahay 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC, ballaarinta waa la gartaa tirooyinka soo socda: (4,61 ± 0,05) · October ^17, ama (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ sano. Mar kale, xoogaa kaftan. Optimists dhihi wuu wanaagsan yahay in Galaxy ah "kala firdhiso." Haddii aan la damacsan in ay midba midka kale u dhowaan, si degdeg ah ama goor dambe u yimid inuu Bang Big ah. Laakiin waxaa halkan waa in bilaabay dhalashada caalamka.

Galaxy "cararay" (bilaabeen in ay u guuraan) in jiho oo kala duwan oo isku mar. Haddii heerka u qaadidda ma uu saami la masaafada u - aragti qaraxa waxba tarayn. joogta kale derivative - fog Hubble - wax soo saarka ah ee xawaaraha iftiinka _{jeer: D H = CT H = c} / H. hadda The - (1,382 ± 0,015) · October ²⁶ m ama (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ sano iftiin September.

Oo haddana on buufin ah buufin. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in xitaa cirbixiyeyaasha aadan had iyo jeer si sax ah u fasiro ballaarinta caalamka. Qayb ka mid ah khubarada u maleeyo in ay la badbadiyay sida kubbad oo caag ah, oo aan garanaynin wax la dhaafi karin jirka. Falagyada naftooda waa ma aha oo kaliya naga iska dhaqaaqin, laakiin sidoo kale "faraggeliya" qasan in ay kooxahaasi go'an. Qaar kale waxay ku andacoodaan in ay falagyada fog "dabaalan" jajabkii ka Bang Big ah, laakiin si tartiib ah u samayn.

Waxaan noqon karaa Nobel a

Hubble isku dayay si aad u hesho Nobel Prize. In 1940, xitaa kiraystay wakiilka advertising ah (maanta waxaa jidka loo bixin lahaa tababaraha PR a), wuxuu sii kiiska. Laakiin dadaalka ay ahaayeen micne lahayn, ma jirin category for cirbixiyeyaasha. Edwin ku dhintay 1953, in koorsada cilmi sayniska. Waayo, dhowr habeen ayuu arkay walxaha extragalactic.

Riyadiisa ugu dambeeyay hami hadhay fulin waayay. Laakiin saynisyahan ka lahaa, sida xaqiiqada ah ugu faraxsan yahay in uu sharaf xoqad meesha bannaan ee la magacaabay. Iyo walaalihiis qarniga ee maskaxda la sii wado sahaminta boos weyn oo cajaa'ib leh. Waxaa weli heysta qarsoon badan. Sidee badan oo daahfurtay in ay yimaadaan! Oo taagayo ee joogto ah ee Hubble, si dhab ah, caawin doona qof ka saynisyahano dhallinyarada si ay u noqdaan "Copernicus №3».

khilaafsanaa Aristotle

Maxaa Sugnaaday ama disproved, sida marka ciidda ku duulay aragti ah xad la'aan, iyo weligiis iyo tuso oo meel bannaan oo ku wareegsan dhulka, kaas oo ay taageerayaan Aristotle qudhiisu? Wuxuu u sabab ah dhabanada oo kaamil ah caalamka oo dhan. Mabda 'Cosmological xaqiijiyay, wax walba oo la barwaaqaysan, isbedel kasta oo.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay samooyinka in ka badan balaayiin sano madhan yihiin oo mugdi ah. Expansion ah "kaxaystay" Galaxy ee kaabiga runtan, halkaas oo iftiin ma aha noo gaari karaan. joogto ah Hubble waa doono la xiriira in caalamka madhan? Maxaa ku dhici doona sayniska ee cosmology? Waxaa sii baabi'i doontaa? All tani waa wararka la isla dhexmarayo.

redshift

Dhanka kale, xoqad ah "Hubble" ayaa sawir in ka marag furaa in wax aan waxba tarayn caalamiga ah aan weli waa meel fog. In jawi xirfadeed ee koorsada ee ra'yi ah in helitaanka qiimaha badan ee Edwin Hubble, laakiin aan sharciga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku dhow isla markiiba waxaa loo aqoonsaday in beesha sayniska waqtiga. Kormeerka ee "wareejin cas" ma ahan oo kaliya in ay ku guuleysato xaq u leeyihiin inay ka jiraan, waa run, oo qarnigii XXI ah.

Markaasaa maanta, si loo ogaado meel fog si ay u falagyada, ku salaysan cilmiga superotkrytie. Optimists ku doodayaan in xitaa haddii Galaxy noqon doonaa "marwo" keliya aynaan haysan. Waxaa jiri doona balaayiin xiddigaha iyo meerayaasha cilin. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in ku dhow nagu sii wadi doontaa in ay noqon "Caalamka isku midka ah" u baahan in la sahamiyey.