Iscasilaadda ee Khrushchev. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada sababaha iscasilaadda ee Nikity Sergeevicha Hruschova

The nolosha siyaasadeed-dagaal post ee USSR waa mid deggan. Wax kasta oo ay u 1991 bedelay aad u dhif ah. Dadka doonaa dhakhsaha badan loo isticmaalo in ay gobolka soo baxaya ee arrimaha, wakiilada ay ugu fiican si farxad qaadeen Wehbe oo ka mid ah madaxda cusub ee Red Square inta lagu guda jiro bannaanbaxyo May iyo November, iyo kuwa aad u wanaagsan, laakiin ka xun yihiin, waqti isku mid ah iyaga la samaynaya wax la mid ah magaalooyinka kale, xarumaha degmada iyo tuulooyinka iyo magaalooyinkeedii. Dejiyey ama xisbiga dhintay iyo madaxda dowladda (Lenin mooyee) illoobay ku dhowaad dhakhso, xitaa anecdotes iyaga oo ku saabsan joojiyay qoraal. shuqullada Heer teori aan bartay dugsiyada, kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha - ayaa la bedelay ka xoghayayaasha cusub guud ee buugga, oo ku saabsan content la mid ah. marka laga reebo An ahaa N. S. Hruschev - siyaasi, rogay amar Stalin ee si ay u meeshiisii qaadan in maskaxda iyo naftiinna.

kiis gaar ah

Waxaa run ahaantii waxay ahayd marka laga reebo an oo dhan hoggaamiyayaasha xisbiyada, ma aha oo kaliya ka hor, laakiin sidoo kale isaga ka dib. istiqaalad Majar oo xasilloon ee Khrushchev, oo aan aad ujecel aaska iidaha iyo aayaadkiisa qaaday meel ku dhow goobtii oo u muuqatay goob si fiican loo diyaariyey. In dareenka, ayay ahayd si, laakiin by heerarka xisbiga Axdiga, oo dhan xeerarka anshaxa iyo anshaxa lagu arkay. Waxaa oo dhan ku dhacay arrin si dimoqraadi ah, inkastoo centralism shaydi arrin cudur daar. Ururiyey Goluhu aan caadi ahayn ka wada hadleen dhaqanka ee uu la shaqayn jiray, ayaa cambaareeyay qaar ka mid ah ceebaha iyo isku raacay baahida loo qabo bedelka dhanba, ee xilka. Sida ku qoran daqiiqo ka dibna, "Dhageyso - xalin." Dabcan, in xaqiiqada Soviet ee kiiskan waxa uu ahaa mid gaar ah, iyada oo Khrushchev xilligii la mucjisooyinka oo dhan ka dhacay iyada oo ah dambiyada ka jira. Dhammaan xoghayayaasha hore iyo kuwa ku xiga guud furtaa la geeyay necropolis Kremlin - meel ka mid ah meel lagu nasto final - on gaadhifardood qoriga, Gorbachev marka laga reebo, dabcan. Marka hore, maxaa yeelay, Gorbachev oo hadda nool, iyo marka labaad, post a inuusan ka tagay sababtoo ah dhagarta, iyo xidhiidh la leh la baabiiyo ee uu xafiiska sida. Iyo kii saddexaad, wax ay Nikita Sergeyevich ahaayeen la mid ah. kiiska kale oo u gaar ah, laakiin tani ma aha isaga ku saabsan.

isku day ugu horeysay ee

iscasilaadda ee Khrushchev, kaas oo ka dhacay October 1964, waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah dareenka ee isku daygii labaad. Ku dhawaad toddoba sannadood ka hor dhacdada kuweyn this saddex xubnood ee dalka Presidium Guddiga Dhexe, yeedhay si gooni gooni ah "group anti-Party", kuwaas oo Kaganovich, Molotov iyo Malenkov, ayaa billaabay geeddi laga saaray awood xoghayaha ugu horeysay. Haddii aan ka fiirsan in dhab ahaantii waxaa joogay afar (inuu ka baxo xaaladda, shirqoolkii kale, Shepilova, ku dhawaaqday a "ku biiray"), ka dibna isku dhaceen iyadoo la raacayo Xeerka xisbiga. Waxaan u lahaa in la isticmaalo tallaabooyinka aan caadiga ahayn. Xubno ka mid ah golaha dhexe si degdeg ah loo keenay Moscow for Goluhu ka guud ahaan dalka ay diyaarad military, iyadoo la isticmaalayo MiG a-xawaaraha sare interceptor (Tababaraha hoose "Sparky" UTI) iyo qarax. caawimo qiimo ahaa Wasiirka Difaaca G. K. Zhukov (aan Khrushchev ayaa iska casilay qaadan lahaa meel 1957). "Stalin ee Guard" ayaa layareeyay: ugu horeysay laga eryey ka Presidium Guddiga Dhexe, ka dibna, sida 1962 oo gabi ahaanba laga saaray xisbiga. Oo waa toogan karo L. P. Beriyu, balse waxba ma dhicin.

shuruudaha

Khrushchev in 1964 uu ahaa guul ma aha oo kaliya sababtoo ah tallaabo ah si fiican u diyaarsan, laakiin sidoo kale sababta oo ah waxa ku qanacsan yahay ku dhowaad dhammaan. Claims dhigay on kal-fadhi October, waayo, eexda xisbiga-u ololeynta oo dhan ma la oran karo waa cadaalad darro. In ku dhow dhammaan meelaha muhiim ah siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha ayaa la dareemay failure musiibo. The fayo-qabka ah tacsida shaqeeyo xumaatay, tijaabo geesi berrinkii difaaca keentay in nus-nolosha ka mid ah ciidanka iyo ciidamada badda, beeraha qallashaa, inuu noqdo "millionaire a on lid ku ah," sharafta caalami ah u dhacay. Sababaha iscasilaadda ee Khrushchev ahaayeen barwaaqo badan, oo iyana waxay noqotay lama huraan. Dadka aqbalay isbedelka xoogga leh saraakiisha kibirsan soo gaabiyo xasilloon gleefully ku xoqeen ayay gacmaha, ay fannaaniinta heshay walxood horumoodka xilligii Stalin ka, ayaa soo dhaweeyay hadal ee dimuqraadiyadda xisbiga. beeralayda hadhuudh beero daal dhammaan cimilada ma ka filayaan xoghayaha guud ee cusub ee mucjisooyin, laakiin qeexin rajeynaya ugu fiican. Guud ahaan, ka dib markii iska casilay ee kacdoonka caan Khrushchev ee ma aysan dhicin.

Guulaha Nikita Sergeyevich

In caddaalad, aan ma dafiri karto in la xuso waxyaalaha dhalaalaya in maamulo loo sameeyo muddo sannado ah oo uu ku xukumay, ka saaray xoghayaha ugu horeysay.

Marka hore, dalka waxa uu taxane ah oo dhacdooyin calaamadeeyay tagay ka dhaqannada-xumida iyo maamul ee Zaman Stalin ee. Waxaa guud ahaan ugu baaqay in ay mabaadi'da iyo Lennin oo ka mid ah hoggaanka ugu laabto, laakiin dhab ahaan ka koobnaa ee ku xasuuqeen ee ku dhow oo dhan oo ka mid ah taxadiri badan (marka laga reebo waxa uu ahaa in Gori), oggalaansho in ay daabacdo qaar ka mid ah suugaanta ku tiriska kibir ah, iyo laan ka mid ah line xisbiga on tayada shakhsi ahaaneed ee qof ku dhintay 1953 hogaamiyaha.

Marka labaad, beeralayda wadajir ugu dambeyntii soo saaray baasabooro, si rasmi ah iyaga falan in category ee muwaadiniinta Soviet la xuquuq buuxda. Tani macnaheedu ma aha xoriyad si ay u doortaan in uu deganaansho, laakiin qaar ka mid ah dulduleelo weli halkaas.

Third, waayo, a sano ee yar waxa uu ahaa horumar degdeg ah a ah ee dhismaha la deggan yahay. Malaayiin mitir oo laba jibbaaran ayaa kiro ah sannad kasta, laakiin inkastoo sida guusha weyn, guryo weli ma ku filan. magaalada noqday "bararin" ka soo beeraleyda hore si wadajir ah ay (cm. Baaragaraafka Previous). Housing ahaa hawadu iyo raaxo, laakiin "Khrushchev" ka dibna u muuqday deggan todobo ay calaamad u ah, isbedelka cusub oo casri ah.

Tan afraad, meesha iyo Cosmos mar kale. The ugu horeysay oo ugu fiican ku jiray oo dhan lagu gano Soviet. Gagarin, Titov, Tereshkova, oo waxaad ka hor, eeyaha Borotiin, fallaadho iyo xiddigaha - waxan oo dhan ayaa sababay xamaasad weyn. Intaa waxaa dheer, guulaha ka mid ah ayaa si toos ah ee la xiriira difaaca ah. muwaadiniinta Soviet iskibriyay ee dalka, taas oo ay ku noolaayeen, inkastoo sababaha waayo, tanu ma ahaa sida ugu badan ee ay doonayeen.

Waxaa jiray bogaga kale dhalaalaya ee muddada Khrushchev, laakiinse iyagu ma ay ahaayeen sidan u weyn. Malaayiin maxaabiista siyaasadeed ayaa la sii daayay, laakiin wuxuu u soo baxay xerada, ay ugu dhakhsaha badan lagu ogaaday in hadda afka Waxaa ka wanaagsan in uu afkiisa ku sii xidhan. Sidaas oo lagu kalsoonaan karo.

dhalaalid

maanta Tani waxay ifafaale waa ururo fiican oo keliya. saffarro Our u muuqdaan in sanadihii kuwa vosprjala dalka a hurdo jiilaalka dheer ka, sida orso xoog badan. Zazhurchal durdurro leh, faqayaan eray run ah oo ku saabsan jahli Stalinism iyo xeryaha gulag ah, codad ah gabayayaashiinnu ka dhawaajisay at taallo in ay Pushkin, dad nacasiin ah kibir ruxmay ay hairdos bouffant iyo dhigay off dhagaxa qoob 'n' oo duudduuban. About this sawir muujinayaa filimada casriga ah ku salaysan theme of the konton konton iyo demoqaraadiyad. Waxaa hoogtay, waxyaalaha aan la ahaayeen arrin xaq. Xitaa dayactirey iyo sii daayo maxaabiista siyaasadeed weli looga duudsiyey xuquuqdoodii. Housing uusan ku filnayn, iyo "caadi ah", in muwaadiniinta aan la fadhiya.

Oo waxaa jiray arrin kale oo muhiim ah nooca ay nafsi ah. Xataa kuwa soo gaartay axmaqnimo Stalin ee, inta badan ku hadhay taageerayaashiisa. Iyagu ma ay gelin kara la edeb muujiyey at afgembigii ay ku daydo. Waxaan u tegey pun ku saabsan nidaam ah, kaas oo, Dabcan, waxay ahayd laakiin sidoo kale ku saabsan aqoonsiga, kaas oo sidoo kale ka dhacay. maldahan waxa uu ahaa in nisprovergatelya ah score xun iyo xadgudubka u gaar ah in cadaadis.

Stalinists sameeyay qayb muhiim ah siyaasadda cadhaysan Khrushchev iyo afgambigii ka awood waxay garteen sida kaliya Cadaab.

niyad-jab dadweyne

In si demoqaraadiyad hore xaalada dhaqaale ee Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay inay ka sii darto. Sababaha this jiray kuwo badan. Dalaggii beeraha dabataagan, u diiday, malaayiin badan oo shaqaalaha ka shaqeeyey goobaha dhismaha magaalooyinka iyo warshadaha. Tallaabooyinka foomka canshuurta sare on geedaha iyo xoolihii keentay in cawaaqib aad u xun, laga dhisayo mass iyo "is qarxiyaan hoos mindidii" stock.

Arag iyo ugu wayn kadib markii sano "argagixisada cas" Mu'miniinta cadaadis soo maray. Hawlaha Khrushchev ee ku yaala goobahan lagu tilmaami karaa wuxuushnimada ah. xiritaanka noq qasabka ah ee kaniisadaha iyo Macaabidda Yuhuud keentay in dhiig ku daatay.

Sidaas liidata sameeyay iyo waxba aqoonin dibuhabaynta dugsiyada "Polytechnic". Waxaan u baabiiyo kaliya ee 1966, iyo cawaaqibka ay saameeyeen muddo dheer.

Intaa waxaa dheer, 1957 gobolka joojiyay bixinta ku xidhnahay, in ka badan saddex sano ee si qasab ah lagu soo rogay by shaqaalaha. Maanta waxaa jidka loo bixin lahaa default ah.

Sababaha qanacsanayn jiray kuwo badan, oo ay ku jiraan saamiga koritaanka ee warshadaha, oo ay la socdaan hoos u dhac ku yimid qiimaha, oo ay weheliso qiimaha cuntada ee sii kordhaya. Iyo dulqaadashada dadka aan ka badbaaday: xasillooni bilaabay, ugu caansan ay ahaayeen dhacdooyinka Novocherkassk. Shaqaalaha toogtay god, waarayaasha waxay la qabtay, isku dayay, oo lagu xukumay qiyaas isku mid ah sare. Dadka su'aal dabiici ah u kacaya, sababta Khrushchev cambaareeyey nidaam Stalin ee shakhsiyadda iyo wixii uu ka fiican?

dhibanaha Next - Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee USSR

In qeybtii labaad ee konton konton ah, Army Soviet waxaa la hoos geliyey weerar ballaaran, burbur iyo ba'an. No, ma ciidamada NATO iyo Maraykanka la bambooyin hydrogen ay u fuliyeen. USSR badiyay 1.3 milyan oo askari oo jawi aad u nabad ah. dagaal ee la soo dhaafay, ayaa noqotay xirfadlayaasha iyo wax kale oo aan, laakiin inuu adeego hooyo ah, askartii waxay ahaayeen on wadada karaa - waxay ka gooyay. Astaamaha u gaarka ah Khrushchev siiyey iyaga by, waxay noqon kartaa mawduuca cilmi luqadda, laakiin si ay u daabacaan a censors khuseeya ma ogol yahay. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo raxan ah, ka dibna waxaa xitaa waa wada hadal gaar ah. All maraakiibta waaweyn awoodda si loo xaqiijiyo xasiloonida xiriir badda, gaar ahaan dagaalka, gooyaa oo kaliya duugga ah. Maqaamkeeda gayin oo aan waxtar lahayn hadhay saldhig muhiim ah in Shiinaha iyo Finland, ciidamada ka tagay Austria. Waa lagama yaabo in gardarada dibadda u keeni doono dhibaato aad u badan sida hawlaha "daafac" Khrushchev. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ee view this doodaya laga yaabaa, waxay yidhaahdaan, wax cabsi ah ka gantaalaha our istaraatijiyad dibada. Waxaa hoogtay, waxay bilaabeen in ay horumariyaan hoos Stalin.

By habka, uma u tudhin horreeyay oo uu badbaadiye ka "clique anti-Party". Zhukov gargaartay jagooyinka wasiir, waxaa laga soo saaray oo ka mid ah Presidium Guddiga Dhexe iyo diray in Odessa - amarno degmada.

"Waxaan ku urursan gacmahooda ..."

Haa, taasi waa weedha ah axdiga siyaasadeed Lenin ayaa arrin lagu dabaqi karo in Lagdamaaga u leh nidaam ku Stalin. In 1958, N. S. Hruschev noqday guddoomiyaha golaha wasiirada, xisbiga kaliya hal talin taasi uguma aysan filneyn. Hababka Management, u taagan sida a "iyo Lennin", run ahaantii ma aysan ogolaan fursad aan ku cabiro aragtidayda aan ku beeganto line guud. Ilo wareedyo ayaa afkeeda ahaayeen xoghayaha ugu horeysay. Waayo-talisnimo oo dhan, I. V. Stalin inta badan ay dhegaysan diidmo, gaar ahaan haddii ay ka dad aqoon u leh ganacsiga iman. Xataa in sannadihii ugu naxdin leh oo ka mid ah "daalim" beddeli karta go'aanka, haddii uu cadeeyay dulmayay, ayaa isaga. Khrushchev had iyo jeer waa ka ugu horeeya si ay u muujiyaan ra'yigooda iyo diidmo kasta oo loo arko in uu aflagaado shaqsi ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, in dhaqanka ugu fiican ee shuuciga ah, wuxuu u maleeyey in isaga qudhiisa of sida nin yaqaanna in wax walba - ka technology in farshaxanka. Qof kasta waa la yaqaan kiiska ee Arena, marka fanaaniinta avant-garde ayaa dhibanayaasha weeraro ku dhacay xanaaqay, "madaxa u ahaa xisbiga." Waxaa jiray tijaabooyin of qorayaasha Caayan, sculptors naxaas qaatay caayeen, oo "on gantaalo ah kuma filna." By jidka, iyaga oo ku saabsan. Ku saabsan sida Khrushchev ahaa ku takhasusay berrinka ku dhex yaal of rocketry, ayuu cod karnimo ah oo uu V. jeedinta A. Sudtsu, aasaasaha ADMS hadlaa "Dvina" (S-75) tuurid ay adag ... Waa hagaag, guud ahaan, meel fog. Waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 1963 in Kubinka, goobta.

Khrushchev-diblomaasi

Ku saabsan sida N. S. Hruschev ayaa kabtiisii ku podium, qof walba ogyahay, xataa ardayda wax maanta, laakiin taas maqlay oo ku saabsan. No wax ka yar caan ah oo sababay dhibaatooyin for turjubaanada weedh ku saabsan gruel ah, taas oo hogaamiyaha Soviet socday si ay u muujiyaan dunida oo dhan raasammaaliyade. Labadan xigashooyin waxaa wanaagsan ee loo yaqaan, inkasta oo ay ahayd in si toos ah oo furan Nikita ay Sergeyevich aad u badan. Laakiin wax ugu weyn ee - ma erayada laakiin camal. Iyada oo dhammaan statements groznosti, siyaasadda dhabta ah ee USSR la guuleystay in yar by. gantaalo qarka diraya Cuba la helay, oo uu bilowdey iskahorimaadka, ku dhawaad noqday sababta dhimashada binu-aadmiga oo dhan. Intervention ee Hungary ayaa sababay caro xitaa ka mid ah sokeeye USSR. Taageerada gumaysiga "horumar" ee Africa, Latin America iyo Asia halkii kharashka masaakiinta miisaaniyadda Soviet waa mid aad u qaali ah oo ujeedadoodu ma si loo gaaro wax kasta oo ujeeddo muhiim u ah dalka, iyo wax-yeeleynin ugu weyn in dalalka reer galbeedka. bilaabaha ee tabo, kuwaas oo inta badan ahaa Khrushchev qudhiisa. Siyaasadaha kala duwan ka statesman in u maleeyo kaliya danaha muddo gaaban. Waa arrinkaa waxa lagu soo bandhigay in Ukraine, Crimean ah, inkastoo mar aan ninna ayaa saadaaliyay kartaa in go'aankan wuxu doonaa cawaaqib caalamiga ah.

farsamo dib u noqoshada

Sidaas waxa uu ahaa Khrushchev? Shaxda in laba tiirar dhankiisa midigta ah kuwaas oo tilmaamay waxa ay ahaan laheyd wax faa'iido leh, iyo bidix - waxyeello, lagu kala sooci lahaa inta u dhaxaysa laba dhinacyada kala duwan ee uu qof. Oo Taalladaas ah, abuuray yaab ku dhaaran waxaa Ernst aan la garanayn, marka la isku daro madow iyo caddaan. Laakiin waa lyrics ah, laakiin dhab ahaantii mowjadda Khrushchev ahaa sababta ugu weynina qanacsanaan waydaarsanayeen xisbiga ay. Midkoodna ma dadka midna ciidanka, mana darajo iyo file xubnaha ee CPSU ma weydiisan, wax walba oo la go'aamiyay ee TT iyo, dabcan, in sirta.

The Head of State ayaa la nasasiiyay aamusnaan in Sochi, isagoo iskibrin iska indha-tiray digniinaha ah goob ay ku heleen. Markii uu yeeray Moscow, wuxuu shakin ayaa rajeynayay inuu saxayo xaaladda jirta. Support, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma ahaa. Guddiga The State Security, madax A. N. Shelepinym, madaxyo simanna leh shirqoolkii, ciidanka ayaa muujisay dhexdhexaadnimada dhamaystiran (general iyo horjoogayaal ah dib u habaynta sida muuqata ma illoobo iyo hoos). count A dambe ma ahaa qof. istiqaalad Khrushchev ee ka dhacay on qalabka xafiisyada caadi ah oo aan dhacdooyinkii naxdinta lahaa.

58-sano jir ah Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, xubin ka mid ah Presidium ah, horseeday iyo dhaqan ah "Inqilaab." Waxaa sugan, waxa ay ahayd inuu u dhaqaaqo bold: in ay dhacdo failure of cawaaqib ah ee ka qaybgalayaashu in shirqool uu noqon karo ugu naxo. Brezhnev oo Khrushchev ahaa saaxiibada, laakiin si gaar ah, in xisbiga. Sidoo kale diiran ahaa xiriirka Nikita Sergeyevich Lavrenty Pavlovich. Oo Stalin qiimaha ururka hawlgab waxaa lagu daaweeyaa hal waqti aad u ixtiraam. In dayrta ee 1964 Zaman Khrushchev ayaa waxaa u sarreeyey.

reaction

In West ah, marka hore si aad taxader u duubay beddelo sare degganaha Kremlin ee. Siyaasiyiinta, ra'iisul wasaaraha iyo madaxweynaha la rogmato Guerrilla war ah "Adeer Joe" ee tuutaha milatariga ah oo uu biibiile joogto ah. istiqaalad Khrushchev ayaa ka dhignaan kartaa in dib-u-Stalinization ee gudaha iyo labada siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee USSR. Tani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aysan dhicin. Leonid Ilyich soo baxday in hogaamiyaha arrin saaxiibtinimo, oo taageere u ahaa wada-noolaanshaha labada nidaam, taas oo ah, guud ahaan, waxaa la arkay sida pererozhdenchestvo shuuciga xagjir ah. Aragtida in Stalin waqtiga aad bay u sii xumaatay xiriirka la saaxiibo Shiinaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa ugu muhiimsan ee Khrushchev sida soocista a revisionist ayaa keentay in isku dhac hubaysan, halka hoos Brezhnev, waxa uu weli u muuqday (on Damanskiy Peninsula). dhacdooyinka Czechoslovak waxay ka muujiyeen sii gaar ah difaaca guulaha ee hantiwadaagga iyo jeesasho ururada la Hungary ee 1956, inkasta oo aan si buuxda isku mid. Taasi oo markii dambe bilaabay, 1979, dagaalka Afqaanistaan ayaa xaqiijisay inay ka cabsi ugu xumaa oo ku saabsan nooca shuuciyad dunida.

Sababaha iscasilaadda ee Khrushchev inta badan ka koobnaa ma jecel yihiin inay ku bedesho dulinka ah ee horumarinta, laakiin waxay u doonayaan ee xisbiga si loo hayn iyo ballaariyo ay doorbidayaan.

Xoghayaha aad isku Caayan qaatay inta kale ee uu waqti ee meditations murugo on qorkiisa nadiktovyvaya cajalad, taas oo uu isku dayay in uu qiil falalka ay ku, iyo mararka qaarkood iyaga shalayno. Waayo, isaga, ka saarida ka soo baxay xafiiska dhamaaday si wanaagsan.