Iftiinka kala fog oo dabiici ah. iftiinka kala fog ka duwan dabiiciga ah

hirarku waa laba nooc. The perturbation vibrational gaadhya la siman in ay jihada of faafinta. Tusaale ahaan waa mawduuc ay ka dhawaajiyeen in hawada. hirarka Transverse ka kooban yihiin rabshooyin kuwaas oo xagal 90 ° si ay jihada ee dhaqdhaqaaqa. Tusaale ahaan, la ruxruxo marayay horizontal dhex mass biyaha keena vibrations toosan ee ay dusha.

helitaanka

Tiro ka mid ah saamaynta indhaha dahsoon arkay in bartamihii qarnigii XVII ah, ayaa la soo sharxay, marka nuurka kala fog iyo dabiiciga bilaabay inuu la arkaa arrin la ruxruxo iyo jihada gariirka ay ayaa laga helay. The wax-u saamayn fogaansho marka hore la ogaaday by dhakhtarka deenishka Erasmus Bartholin ee 1669. Sayniska arkay refraction double ama birefringence ee Iceland (foomka crystal ee carbonate calcium) Spar ama calcium. Marka iftiin dhex crystal calcite a ag maraaba wuu jajabiyaa, soo saara laba images yihiin wareejiyay eego midba midka kale.

Newton ogaato oo ku saabsan this ifafaale oo soo jeedisay in corpuscles laga yaabaa in iftiinka leeyihiin kaqabto ama "hal dhinac", in uu noqon karaa sabab u formation of laba images. Huygens, a casriga ah ee Newton ahaa awoodaan si ay u sharxaan uu aragti of refraction double mawjadihii hoose, laakiinse ma uu fahmo macnaha dhabta ah ee saamaynta. Birefringence hadhay qarsoodiga ah ilaa Thomas Young iyo jirka dadka Faransiiska Augustin-Zhan Frenel aan la soo jeediyay in hirarka iftiinka waa transverse. fikrad A fudud ayaa loo ogol yahay in uu sharaxo waxa kala fog oo dabiici ah iftiin. Tani waxay keentay qaab dabiici ah oo aan xumayn lafo saamaynta kala fogaansho.

birefringence waxaa keena isku-dar ah laba polarizations orthogonal, kuwaasoo mid walba uu leeyahay xawaare ay la ruxruxo. Sababta oo ah farqiga u xawaare ka mid ah laba qaybood oo ay leeyihiin indices Refractive kala duwan, oo sidaas daraaddeed ayay u kala duwan refracted iyada oo wax ka, soo saara laba images.

Kala fog oo dabiici ah iftiin, Maxwell aragti

Fresnel si dhaqso ah model dhamaystiran ee hirarka transverse, taas oo keentay in ay birefringence iyo tiro ka mid ah saamaynta kale indhaha. Afartan sano ka dib, ee electromagnetic aragti Maxwell ayaa wato sharaxayaa nooca transverse iftiinka.

hirarka electromagnetic Maxwell ka kooban beeraha magnetic iyo korontada dadab iyo in ay jihada oscillating dhaqdhaqaaqa. beeraha yihiin xagal 90 ° si ay u midba midka kale. Xaaladdan oo kale jihada of faafinta oo ka mid ah beeraha magnetic iyo korontada u sameeyaan nidaam isku xirka daranyihiin midig. Wixii la ruxruxo la f soo noqnoqoshada iyo λ oo dhererkiisu (waxay la xidhiidhaan ku tiirsanaanta λf = c), taas oo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhinaca x wanaagsan, beeraha waxa lagu sharaxay xisaab ahaan:

• E (x, t) = E ₀ sababtoo (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) y ^;
• B (x, t) = B ₀ sababtoo (2 π x / λ - 2 ft π) z ^.

isleegyo ayaa muujinaya in beerihii korontada iyo magnetic ku jiraan xaalad kasta oo kale. Waqti kasta siiyey, waxay isku mar ka gaadho qiimaha ay ugu badnaan ku meel loo siman yahay E ₀ iyo _{0 B.} amplitudes Hadalladaasu ma aha kuwa madax bannaan. isleegyo Maxwell ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in E ₀ = ₀ Daafac Dhexe ee dhammaan hirarka electromagnetic in vacuo.

jihada kala fogaansho ah

In sharaxaad ka mid ah orientation oo ka mid ah beeraha magnetic iyo korontada ee hirarka iftiinka caadi yihiin oo kaliya ayaa tilmaamaya jihada duurka korontada. The dulinka magnetic field waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa looga baahan yahay ee beeraha perpendicularity iyo perpendicularity in jihada dhaqdhaqaaqa. iftiinka dabiiciga ah iyo linearly kala fog waxa lagu gartaa in in lagu baayici karo ee la soo dhaafay beerta jiho go'an sida dhaqdhaqaaqa la ruxruxo.

Waxaa jira gobolada kale kala fogaansho suurto gal. In the case of fallaadhaha wareeg ah oo ka mid ah beeraha magnetic iyo korontada waa qaraabo u nasiisay in ay jihada faafinta ee Ilodanimada inayan joogto ah. iftiinka Elliptically kala fog waa in meel dhexe oo u dhexeeya toosan iyo polarizations wareeg ah.

iftiinka unpolarized

Atamka dushiisa of buuxieyey kulul, taas oo dhalin shucaaca electromagnetic, waa, ka madax banaan kasta oo kale. shucaaca kasta waa ku dhowaad qaabeeyey karaa sida tareenada ee muddada gaaban 10 ^-9 ilaa 10 ^-8 seconds. hirarka electromagnetic ka buuxieyey, waa superposition ah oo ka mid ah tareenada, kuwaasoo mid walba uu leeyahay jihada kala fogaansho u gaar ah. Inta u janjeedha kala sooc lahayn tababar noocyo kala fogaansho dulinka la ruxruxo taas oo ah si degdeg ah oo cagabadnayn kala duwan. ruxruxo a noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan unpolarized. Dhamaan ilaha dabiiciga ah ee iftiinka, oo ay ku jiraan Sun, iyo laambadahoodii yaryaraa incandescent, nalalka dhaadheer iyo olol, soo saaraan shucaaca sida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iftiin dabiici ah waxaa inta badan qeyb ahaan kala fog ay sabab u tahay jejebinta badan iyo digtoonaan.

Sayidka, farqiga u iftiin kala fog dabiiciga ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay in xaqiiqda ah in in ka oscillations ugu horeysay ka dhacaan diyaarad.

Ilaha shucaaca kala fog

iftiinka kala fog laga been abuurtay markii orientation ka da'ayeen goostay. Mid ka mid ah tusaale ahaan waa shucaaca synchrotron ah, taas oo-tamar sare eedeeyay qayb ka dhaqaaqin beer ku magnetic iyo dhaadheer ruxruxo electromagnetic kala fog. Waxaa jira ilo badan oo ah sumalka uguma si fiican u yaqaan in dhaadheer iftiin dabiici ah kala fog. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Nebulae, haraadiga supernovaer, iyo nuclei galactic firfircoon. kala fogaansho shucaaca runtan waa bartay si loo ogaado sifooyinka ilaha ay.

polaroid filter

iftiinka kala fog oo dabiici ah kala dhex marayay qaar ka mid ah qalabka, ugu badan ee kaas oo ah polaroid ah, abuuray by jirka ah American Edwin Land. filter wuxuu ka kooban yahay silsilado dheer ee u taagoo hydrocarbon oriented in hal jiho by habka daaweynta kulaylka. Britain ayaa si eegista nuugo shucaaca, duurka oo korontada waa isku midka ah in ay hanuuninta. Iftiinka tago polarizer la linearly kala fog. Its beerta korontada dadab iyo in ay jihada of hanuuninta kelli. Polaroid ayaa codsiga laga helay beeraha badan, oo ay ku jiraan ookiyaalaha iyo filtarrada in la yareeyo saamaynta ay iftiinka ka muuqataa oo kala firdhiyey.

Dabiiciga ah iyo kala fog iftiin, sharciga Malus

In 1808, jirka dadka Etienne Louis Malus ogaaday in iftiinka ka soo meelaha aan macdan ka muuqataa, qaarkeedna u kala fog. Baaxadda ay leedahay saamayn this ku xiran tahay xagal ee dhacdooyinka iyo index ka Refractive mid ah waxyaabaha la milicsato. In mid ka mid ah xaaladaha ku xad-dhaaf ah marka Taabte ee xagal ee dhacdooyinka hawada waa loo siman yahay si ay u index u Refractive mid ah waxyaabaha la milicsato, nuurka ka muuqataa noqdo gebi ahaanba linearly kala fog. Tani waxay ifafaale loo yaqaan sharciga Brewster ee (magacaabay ka dib markii ay discoverer, jirka reer Scotland David Brewster). jihada kala fogaansho The siman dusha ka tarjumaysa. Tan iyo horuu dhaadheer inta badan dhaca dul-eegida ka dusha siman sida waddooyinka iyo filtarrada biyaha caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo in muraayadaha inuu sii joogo iftiin horizontal kala fog oo sidaas daraaddeed eegista saaro shakhi iftiinka.

Rayleigh jejebinta

jejebinta Light by walxaha aad u yar kuwaas oo cabbir ayaa uga yar yahay Milanello (waxa loogu yeero Rayleigh jejebinta ka dib markii saynisyahan Ingiriisi Eebaha Rayleigh), sidoo kale abuuraa kala fogaansho qayb. Marka qorraxdu si maraa jawi dhulka ee, waxaa la kala firdhiyey by taagoo hawada. Earth iyo gaadho kala firdhiyey iftiin dabiici ah kala fog. heerka uu kala fogaansho ku xiran yahay khasaarinayay xagal. Tan iyo markii nin aan kala soocin iftiin dabiici ah oo kala fog, saamayn this inta badan la dareemin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, indhaha cayayaan badan oo ka fal waxaa si, oo ay u isticmaalaan kala fogaansho qaraabada shucaac ku kala firidhsan sida qalab sahanka. camera filter caadi ah in loo isticmaalaa in lagu yareeyo shucaaca soo jeeda ee iftiinka qoraxda dhalaalaya, waa polarizer fudud toosan, oo kala nuurka kala fog oo dabiici ah Rayleigh.

qalabka anisotropic

saamaynta kala fogaansho waxaa lagu arkay qalabka optically anisotropic (taas oo index ka Refractive kala duwan la jihada ah kala fogaansho), sida kiristaalo birefringent, qaar ka mid ah qaababka noolaha iyo qalabka optically firfircoon. codsiyada tignoolojiga ka mid ah microscopes qaybinta, qaab dareere crystal iyo alaabtii indhaha loo isticmaalo cilmi-baarista qalabka.