Gothic

Gothic - Zaman ee horumarinta farshaxanka Dr Makumbe Yurub, kuwaas oo bilaabay in 1140 ee Ile-de-France (Paris iyo meesha waxaa ku wareegsan) oo ay sii wadaan ilaa 1500-1550 sano, taas oo waddada u Renaissance ah. Tan waxaa inta badan si cad u muujiyey naqshadaha Gothic iyo daaqadaha galaas wasakheeyey, laakiin sidoo kale in farshaxan, rinjiyeynta, rijiyeeyay, qoraal gacmeedyada ciinwaanka.

Mid ka mid ah baarka style ugu caansan - Notre Dame ee Paris (Notre Dame-de Paris).

Dhab ahaantii, naqshadaha ee mudada in uu ahaa natiijo dhibaatada injineernimada. Sidee si ay u daboosho meelaha waaweyn ee sare sare by dhagax? Inkastoo kaniisadaha ugu soo qarniyadii dhexe hore lahaa saqafka daboolay qoryo, dhismayaasha badan ahaayeen dhagax booska semi-cylindrical (xafiiltamaan wareega) ama feeraha gumaarka. Darbiyada waxaa lagu taagay khasab aad u qaro weyn, adkeysan karaan duulaankii dibadda, iyadoo daaqadaha yar - waa sifooyinka in lagu gartaa qaab Romanesque.

Gothic asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ugu horayn naqshadaha, dhismaha ee 1130 ee Church Abbey ee St. Denis.

Thanks to injineero tijaabo cusub, ee 1110 ee, u soo jeestay in ay ku faafi derbiga (on qaybaha), codsanaya xubno dheeraad ah "mobile" in ururka of space - tusaale ahaan, ayaa tilmaamay meelaha dedan, lahaa in la barbardhigo taageerada dhinaca hoose wareeg ah in uu oggolaan inay si fudud ula qabsanayaan daaqadaha of width iyo height kala duwan. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, nidaam loo sameeyay set dhagax bixiyey feedhihiisii in la qaybiyo miisaanka column iyo sita dhulka ku soo degay, dedan oo dhagax laga yaabaa sida in la sameeyo annana oo u khafiif ah.

Derbiyada furan kaalinta daaqadaha oo waaweyn. In 1170-mada, taas oo ah mid aad u muhiim ah, buttresses duulaya waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan (xafiiltamaan ilaashan dibadda ah, nooca buttresses), si xoog leh oo la xidhiidha naqshadaha Gothic. Duulaya nidaamka buttresses leedahay laba qeybood oo muhiim ah: a toosan block weyn dhagaaxda (taageero) oo ka baxsan waaxda dhismaha iyo segmental xafiiltamaan ama baabi'inta faraqa u dhexeeya taageero iyo derbigii.

style Gothic loo kala saaro, iyadoo la raacayo saddex aasaasiga ah, hore (ama Faransiis Gothic), baaluq (ama sare Gothic), iyo ka dib, waxa loogu yeero "ololaya" Gothic ah.

Magaca "Gothic" (ka soo erayga Talyaani "Gothic" - oo aan caadi ahayn, barbariyiintii) la siiyey dhaqanka ee Zaman ee naqshada Renaissance iyo theorist farshaxanka Dzhordzho Vazari. Sidaas darteed, ayuu muujiyay style ah iskama Kibriyaan, barbardhigaya farshaxanka qadiimiga ah. Dabcan, maalmaha maanta ee qiimaynta u janjeedhaan of Vasari horay qofna waa kala qaybsan yahay, laakiin magaca waxaa si wanaagsan loo habeeyey, si tartiib ah u fasaxday, badiyay overtone xun. In Renaissance ah, farshaxanka Gothic la odhan jiray dheeraad ah sida a "style Jarmal" - qeexidda, sidoo kale iska leh Vasari.

Waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay in ay sabab u tahay shuqulladiisa Goethe ee u huray in naqshadda dhismaha Jarmal, runtii loo arkayey sida farshaxanka qaran, iyo sidoo kale in qaar ka mid ah dalalka kale. Tani waxay muujisay revaluation iyo aqoonsiga of art Dr Makumbe.

Iyada oo sii kordhaya injineero kalsoonida ee waqooyiga France, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan Europe oo dhan, tartanka nooc ka mid ah tartanka loogu jiro qabsashadii of dhaadheer. set kasta oo cathedral cusub, sida caadiga ah, waa in ay ka badan tahay dhowr mitir, ka badan ka horreeyay.

height ee gudaha of katedraalka madaxdii reer fikradda Christian - rajeynayaa bixitaanka a faraxsan dunida dumo dunida oo jannada.

naqshadaha Gothic waxaa lagu qeexaa in mabda '. Farshaxan si xoogan ku xidhan in ay, ugu yaraan ku jira marxaladaha hore. On the guriyo of kaniisadaha waaweyn, gaar ahaan agagaarka portal, waxaan sii waday in ay ka dhigi suxuun weyn, laakiin ku wareegsan diyaarin saf oo farshaxan.

waayo-aragnimo fiican naqshadaha maqalka iyo daaqadaha muraayada hodan, mararka qaar daboolaya height oo dhan ee dhismaha. Qurxiyey Muuqaallo Bible ka, qofeed oo quduusiin ah, tirooyinka nebiyadii iyo qof ay diimaha kale, daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas ahaayeen sabab weyn ee aragtida ah cathedral sida compendium ka mid ah iimaanka Christian. Inta lagu jiro qarnigii saddex iyo tobnaad, feature khasab ah in cathedral ugu waa window- taariikhi "Rose", kaas oo ahaa lagu sawiray xarunta Ilaah, Iisus Hristos, Mary Virgin hareereeyeen by Cosmos.

Goor dambe oo qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo la rajaynayo Renaissance ah, Gothic helay qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada cilmaani ah. Mid ka mid ah wakiilada ugu weyn ee muddo this waa Simone Martini.

In ka badan muddo 400-sano ah ee Gothic ka gashay dhammaan noocyada farshaxanka. Shamrocks, ayaa tilmaamay meelaha dedan, qurxinta kale naqshadda u muuqday on birta ah, iyo weelashii Afika, xabaalaha, dharka ruuxi hodan, diptych qaali ah, iyo sidoo kale accessories cilmaani ah - alaabta guriga, suxuunta.