"Elbrus" - processor ee Russia. Caddaymaha iyo taariikhda

Tan iyo markii la aasaasay ee technology computer ee dalkeenna, qaabaynta hababka-waxqabadka sare waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ujeeddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee sayniska qaranka. Tan iyo markii ay 90s ee daraasadda ayaa la xidhiidha xaalad aasaas cusub - baahida loo qabo in la hirgeliyo horumarka cusub ee ku salaysan microprocessors Ruush. Natiijadan ayaa waxaa la abuuray "Elbrus" - processor, in ay awood koombiyuutarka waa ineysan ku dayashada shisheeye fiican.

History of abuurka

Currently, oo kaliya dhowr wadan oo caalamka ah waxaa la dhigaayo kombiyuutarada la microprocessor ah ay design gaar ah - in Maraykanka, Britain, Japan iyo Shiinaha. Waa wax iska cad in gudahood bedelay ammaanka iyo soo-dejinta ee Russia ayaa sidoo kale u baahan tahay processor a in ku filan si ay u buuxiyaan shuruudaha ka mid ah ciidamada qalabka sida, hay'adaha fulinta sharciga, maamulka iyo waxbarashada. suurto gal ah A - iyo ganacsi ee alaabta. Ka dib labaatan sano oo shaqo firfircoon ee saynisyahano iyo injineero ka mid ah Moscow Center Spark-Technology (MCST) ka xishoon maayo in ay soo bandhigaan horumarka ugu dambeeyay ee 2014-15 sannadood, siddeed-processor "Elbrus 8C". Laakiin ka hor inta ay dhacdo in taariikhiga ah ayaa soo maray jidka dheer ee xisaabinta af iyo cilmi wax ku ool ah.

In USSR muhiimada fiican ee horumarinta technology computer waxaan leenahay S. shaqada tacliimeed A. Lebedeva. Kooxda ayaa isaga by at the Academy of Sciences oo ka mid ah Institute of farsamo qiray Technology Computer (ITM iyo VT) la abuuray by mashiinada elektarooniga ah Kombuyuutarada (kombiyuutarada) shan iyo toban daydo - ka tube ugu horeeyay ee mashiinada-xawaaraha sare dhafan circuit.

"Elbrus-1"

Fikradda ka mid ah khadadka naqshadda, markii danbe soo bixitaankii processor Ruushka "Elbrus", waxa uu ku dhashay 1969. Sababta horumarinta ahaa baahida loo qabo "intellectualization" ee nidaamka istiraatiiji ah. Noqday madax naqshadeeye VS Burtsev, khabiir u fiican in computer science, academician ka dib.

In 1979, guddiga ITM iyo gobolka VT waxaa matalayey jiilka koowaad ee adag Kombuyuutarada multiprocessor "Elbrus" (IAC). processor ayaa waxaa loogu talagalay oo ku salaysan TTL-macquulka ah. Nidaamka loo isticmaalo warshadaha ee armaments.

"Elbrus-2"

jiilka labaad ee MVK "Elbrus" lix sano ka dib, si guul maray imtixaanka. The processor iyo saldhig element cusub ahaayeen horumarinta gebi ahaanba qaranka. Nidaamka ay ku salaysan tahay a-xawaaraha sare wareeggeedii dhafan la macquulka emitter-xidhay IC-100 taxane. Performance "Elbrus-2" in qaabeynta desyatiprotsessornoy ahaa 125 Mill. Per labaad.

ERM la dhisay fashion ah qaybsan kalsooni kordhay. Thanks to xawaaraha iyo resiliency dhismaha waxaa loo isticmaali jiray sanado badan in tas-hiilaadka muhiimka u ah hababka istiraatiiji ah. Gaar ah sifooyinka waqti ay gaari fulinta ERM iyo horumarinta tiro ka mid ah fikradaha sare ee ururka ee habka xisaabeed.

"Elbrus-3"

marxaladda soo socota (1986-1994) wuxuu ahaa abuurista iyo farcanka saddexaad ee MVK "Elbrus". processor hadda waa xitaa qaybaha elektaroonik ah oo awood badan - ka kaamilsan. Tababaraha Project doortay dhiganta xubin ka mid ah Academy of Sciences B. A. Babayana. By habka, wuxuu u sameeyey darsaday asaasiga ah horumarinta MVK "Elbrus-1" iyo "Elbrus-2".

Qiimaynta faa'iidooyinka iyo khasaaraha iyaga hormariyey Architecture superscalar hirgeliyo jiilka labaad ee ERM ah, Boris Artashesovich jeediyay fulinta a sare ee fikirka ah eray edbinta ballaaran. Ka hor burburkii Midowgii khubaro ah u suurtagashay in ay soo shirin noocooda ah, laakiin maalgelinta sida maamulka cusub ee la joojiyay.

Contemporary

Sii of line mashruucan ku xiran yahay hawlaha Hao, MCST. In ay qaab-dhismeedka, taasoo keentay mikroelektronschiki gudaha samaynta bet aasaasiga ah ee ku saabsan isticmaalka technology microprocessor, bilaabay in la abuuro laba taxane ah microprocessors iyo nidaamyada computer ku salaysan iyaga on. shuqullada Kuwan waxaa ka dibna caawiyey in la abuuro a processor awood Ruush "Elbrus" 2014 daayo.

sal Mashruuca taxane kowaad wuxuu ahaa naqshadaha furan Architecture processor scalable ah (SPARC), ayaa lagu qeexay by Sun Microsystems. Processor «R» qoyska ayaa la abuuray oo ku salaysan waxa on.

The salaysan taxane labaadna wuxuu ahaa naqshadaha asalka ah ee "Elbrus", horumarinta mabaadi'da ah oo laga ansixiyey oo jiifsaday ku-IAC 3 (asal ahaan waxa loo yaqaan "naqshadaha E2k» ahaa). Waxaa la abuuray afar nooc aasaasiga ah ee Processor. Sidaas darteed, "ayuu Elbrus" (processor), isbarbardhigga lagu daydo la siiyo ee shaxda hoose.

"ELBRUS-4C"

Mid ka mid ah horumarka ugu dambeeyay guul shirkadda ahaa processor MCST "Elbrus-4C." Its naqshadaha ku salaysan yahay design asalka ah, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida saldhig u ah VLIW microarchitecture. Waayo, xisaab maaraysa ka masuul 4 Tuulo 800 MHz, kayd xasuusta 2 MB on core kasta.

Inkastoo archaism ka muuqata marka la eego of technology-soo-saarka (oo weyn, soo noqnoqoshada yar, technology-socodka "ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay" 65 nm), oo ah ku-oolnimada qalab elektaroonik ah uu u dhigmo iyada oo Intel taxanaha "i". Iyadoo isticmaalka awoodda yar (45W) ay qaab waa ilaa 50 Gflops. Wixii la barbardhigo, model wayn i7-975 Intel Core ah ba'an Edition uu leeyahay awood ka mid ah 53 Gflops at mawjadaha badan oo awood isticmaalka. Tani processor Ruush casriga ah "Elbrus" 2014 model sano waxaa lagu riday baaritaanka iyo soo baxay ee taxanahan.

"Elbrus-8C"

Waxa ay u muuqataa in waqtiga horumar u talin jiray, waxay ahayd Warega of xal u kacaan waayo microelectronics qoyska. Hao, "MCST" weheliyaan Institute of Electronic Control Machines hormariyey oo soo saaray jiil cusub oo naqshado saarka injineernimada. Waayo, wax soo saarka warshadaha ee diyaarinta processor "8C Elbrus" abuuray on technology habka 28-nanometer.

Qalabka wuxuu u shaqayn doonaa tusmo ahaan u dirato iyo horumarinta qaranka KPI-2. Inkastoo dirato ilaa daayay technology habka 65 nm, ay taageerto saddex Gigabit Ethernet xakamaysada network, 20 khadadka baska PCI-Express 2.0, sideed 2.0 ee USB-dekedaha, sideed Sata-dekedaha. Isgaarsiinta leh processor waa 16 GB / s.

astaamaha farsamo

Manufacturer shaaca ka qaaday sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee "Elbrus" nidaamka cusub:

• Processor - 8 diirkja aan gipertredinga.
• Crystal size - 350 mm ^2.
• khasnado heerka labaad ee muhiimka ah kasta - 512 kV.
• khasnado heerka seddexaad waa wax caadi ah - 16 MB.
• Dil halkii wareegga - 30 hawlgallada.
• inta jeer Clock - 1.3 GHz, marka koobin, kuwaas oo loogu ballan qaaday hawlgalka aan go'aynin oo dhan markii aan xad lahayn nuclear, xataa haddii boqol boqolkiiba hal load.
• Performance (Fiinta) - 250 Gflops.
• Power - 60-90 watts.
• madaxbanaanida License ka Intel, iyada oo la hubinayo taageero nidaamka ugu waaweyn ee hawlgalka la x86 / naqshadaha x86-64.

Sida aad arki karto, processor Ruushka "Elbrus" jiilka ugu dambeeyay ee ilaa shan jeer oo kale wax soo saar badan model 4C ah.

naqshadaha

Sidaas darteed muhiim u ah shirkadda Hao, MCST horumariyo naqshadaha asalka ah ee microprocessor ah "Elbrus". processor waxaa loogu talagalay fidinta khayraadka hardware for xogta tubta waxqabadka. In qoondaynta guud waxaa iska leh category ee naqshadda dhismaha, iyadoo la isticmaalayo mabda'a erayga ballaaran edbinta VLIW (Word Instruction Aad Large), compiler ku abuuraa, waayo, isku xigxiga fulinta isku midka ah kooxaha (erayada edbinta ballaaran), taas oo aanay jirin tiirsanaanta u dhexeeya kooxaha group gudahood iyo ku tiirsanaanta yareeyo labada kooxood ee kooxo kala duwan.

Sayidka, processor Ruush "Elbrus" aadka u isticmaalaa la socotaa heerka hawlgallada waxa ay joogtaa code barnaamijka. Natiijadu waxay tahay xawaaraha badan oo naqshadda by sii daayo hawlaha hay'adaha parallelization naqshadaba superscalar soo jireenka ah iyo wareejiyo fiican compiler. Tani waxay keentay, iyo qaababka kale oo muhiim ah soo jireenka ah "Elbrus" naqshadaha - qalabka isticmaalka awoodda yar yahay.

Dhinacyada iyadoo la isticmaalayo wax ku ool ah oo la socotaa naqshadaha ee hawlgallada "Elbrus" qalab dhigay fuliyo noocyada kale (heerar) oo is barbardhigga u soo jireenka ah ee geedi socodka Kombuyuutarada ah:

• Dhibaatooyinka concurrency in kaxeynayo multicomputer;
• control Concurrency socodka on xasuusta la wadaago;
• dhigga dulinka.

Jaanqaadaan naqshadaha x86

Sida looga baahan yahay aasaasiga ah naqshadaha, horumarinta hore loo arkaa bixinta waafaqsan binary hufan la Architecture xukuma microprocessor Intel x86. Waxaa la hirgeliyey ku saleysan a turjumaad firfircoon qarsoon iyo microprocessor qalabka taageerada "Elbrus". Waxa kale oo go'aamisa sifooyinka naqshadaha cusub ee qoyska waa horumarinta taageero hardware Kombuyuutarada ammaan (module barnaamijyada), si weyn u fududeeyaa shaqada ee barnaamijyo si loo abuuro nidaam software ballaaran leh waqtiyada xadidan.

codsiga wax ku ool ah

Halkee waxaa la qorsheeyay in la isticmaalo Processor Ruush? Waxaa la fahamsan yahay in wax soo saarka this waxaa loogu talagalay oo leh ujeedo hal - si ay u bixiyaan isku filan a, madax-bannaan oo ka mid ah sahayda iyo liisan microelectronics iyo technology computer. Computers on the "Elbrus" processor la heer sare ah ammaanka iyo ilaalinta ka fayrusyada computer in baahida loo qabo in industry difaaca, in adeegyada ammaanka, hay'adaha muhiim ah gobolka.

Dhanka kale, nidaamka ogol yahay ee Windows caadiga ah iyo Linux, taas oo laga furay jidka, haddii aan si macaamiisha celceliska, in qaybta shirkadaha. MCST bixisaa a kombiyuutarada ilaaliyo iyo server, oo awood u leh oo ka hawlgala deegaanada adag.