Dhismaha DNA ka kooban tahay ... kiimikada ka kooban ee DNA

Dad badan ayaa mar walba la yaabay sababta calaamadaha qaarkood ay heli karaan waalidiinta siiyo ilmaha (tusaale ahaan, midabka indhaha, timaha, qaabka wejiga, iyo kuwo kale). Science ayaa la caddeeyey in sifo kala iibsiga ku xiran tahay waxyaabaha la dhaxlo, ama DNA.

Waa maxay DNA?

Currently, hoos acid ee deoxyribonucleic fahmi xarunta adag in uu yahay mas'uul ka ah gudbinta astaamaha la kala dhaxlo. Britain Tani helay unug kasta oo jirkeena. Waxaa barnaamijkii qaababka ugu waaweyn ee jirka (ee horumarka ah ee sifo a dhiganta protein gaar ah).

Maxay ka kooban yihiin? Dhismaha DNA ka kooban xeryahooda adag - nucleotides. By block waxaa loogu tala galay nucleotide ama xarunta mini adigoo dhismeedkooda salka nitrogenous, intii ka hadhay reer phosphoric acid iyo sonkorta ah (kiiskan - deoxyribose).

DNA waa Britain ah ku xayiran double, kuna waari dhexdeeda kasta oo wareeggeedii ku xiran kale iyada oo loo marayo saldhig nitrogen ah mabda'a complementarity.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxa la malaysan karo in DNA ka mid ah hiddo - xigyada nucleotide gaar ah masuul ka ah Avv borotiinka. Maxay yihiin guryaha kiimikada ee qaab dhismeedka of deoxyribonucleic acid waa?

nucleotide

Sida ku xusan, qaybta aasaasiga ah dhismaha ee deoxyribonucleic acid waa nucleotide. Tani waa hay'ad adag. Qaab dhismeedka of nucleotide ee DNA soo socda.

In badhtamaha uu ka yahay shan-qayb sonkorta nucleotide (deoxyribose in DNA waa in la barbardhigo RNA, taas oo ka kooban ribose). waxaa loo soo biiray salka nitrogenous, kaas oo la go'doonsan 5 nooc: adenayn, gu'anayn, thaymiin, uracil iyo saytosayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, nucleotide kasta ka kooban yahay iyo acid phosphoric ka hadhay.

Dhismaha DNA ka kooban yahay oo kaliya kuwa nucleotides in ay leeyihiin qaybta dhismaha tilmaamay.

All nucleotides waxaa lagu abaabulaa silsilad oo midba midka kale la raaco. Kooxaynta ah saddex (saddex nucleotides), waxay sameeyaan isku xigxiga, taas oo triplet kasta oo u dhiganta gaar acid amino ah. Natiijadu waxay tahay silsilad.

Waxay isku xidhay iyada oo xiriir saldhigyadii nitrogen. Xiriirka aasaasiga ah inta u dhaxaysa wareeggeedii nucleotides barbar - hydrogen.

xigxig Nucleotide waa ku saleysan hiddo. Xadgudubka in ay qaab-dhismeedka, taasoo keentay in failure in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada iyo muujinta Isbedelo. Dhismaha DNA ka kooban tahay hiddo la mid ah in gebi ahaanba loo ogaado dadka oo dhan oo iyaga ka noolaha kale ee la kala saaro.

beddelid ee nucleotide a

Xaaladaha qaarkood, kala iibsiga ah ka xasilloon ah wax ka bedelidii sifo saldhigga nitrogenous ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Walxaha kiimikada ee DNA la habeeyay lifaaqa ee group methyl ah (CH3). beddelid noocan oo kale ah (mid nucleotide) u ogolaanaya in ay xasilin hadal hiddo iyo sifooyinka kala iibsiga unugyada gabadhiisa.

Tani "horumar" dhismeedka kelli uusan saamayn ku lahayn ururka saldhigyadii nitrogenous.

beddelid waxaa loo isticmaalaa la inactivation X-koromosoomyada. Sidaas darteed, la aasaasay jirka Barr.

In case of korodhay falanqaynta DNA carcinogenesis muujinaysaa in silsiladda nucleotides waxaa la hoos geliyey methylation on muhashada badan. In daraasaadka dheehidda, waxaa la arkay in isha isbedel ayaa sida caadiga ah waa saytosayn a aalkolada. Caadi ahaan habka demethylation inta lagu guda jiro buro kor u qaadi kartaa habka joogsiga, laakiin ay sabab u tahay adayga, reaction this aan la fuliyay.

Qaab dhismeedka DNA

In qaabka ee Britain ayaa ku jira laba nooc oo dhismayaasha. Nooca ugu horeeya - isku xigxiga oo toosan ee nucleotides sameeyay. Waxa ay dhismaha ku xiran yahay sharciyo gaar ah. Duubista at nucleotide ee Britain ayaa DNA bilaabmaa 5'-terminus iyo 3'-terminus dhamaado. circuit labaad ku yaalaa on lid ku ah, waxaa loo dhisay in si la mid ah, kaliya ee u taagoo waa mid kale oo ka soo hor jeedda spatially, Gudaheedana waxaa ku 5'-terminus mid silsilad waxa uu ku yaalaa kasoo horjeeda 3'-dhamaadka ee labaad.

galool - dhismeedka sare DNA. Sababa joogitaanka bonds hydrogen dhaxaysa nucleotides soo horjeeda. bond hydrogen The waxaa la aasaasay (thaymiin kaliya, gu'anayn iyo duwan waxay noqon kartaa tusaale ahaan, soo horjeeda adenayn ugu horeysay strand - uracil ama saytosayn) u dhexeeya saldhig nitrogenous kaabaha. sax noocan oo kale ah waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in dhismaha wareeg labaad qaadataa meel ku saleysan hore oo kale, si dhexeeya saldhigyadii nitrogenous waxaa kulan saxda ah.

ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee Britain ay

Sidee Britain DNA ee la sameeyay?

In wareegga ee ay formation jira saddex marxaladood:

• wareeggeedii jarida.
• Helitaanka halbeeg synthesizing in mid ka mid ah silsiladaha.
• Extension ka circuit labaad sida uu sheegay mabda'a complementarity.

Marka marxaladdan kala ah u taagoo waxaa ku badan ensaymes - gyrase DNA. falgalka waxay diiradda saarayaan burburinta bonds hydrogen dhexeeya silsiladihii.

Ka dib silsilado kala imanaya enzyme synthesizing aasaasiga ah - DNA polymerase. Its u hogaansanaanta lagu arkay on site a 5 '. Next, eulayska guurayaan xagga 3'-dhamaadka, mar lifaaqaaya ku nucleotides loo baahan yahay la saldhig nitrogenous ku haboon. Ka dib markaad gaartey kala duwan ee loo dejiyay (terminator) ee 3 'dhammaadka, silsilad polymerase waa ineysan ka isha.

Marka la sameeyo circuit hoosaad saldhig u dhexeeya sameeyaan bonds hydrogen, iyo oo haysata Britain ee DNA dhowaan la sameeyey.

Halkeen ka heli karaa Britain this?

Haddii aad dhexgalin dhismaha unugyada iyo unugyada, waxa loo arki karaa in DNA waxaa inta badan laga helay bu'da unugga. yaruna The mas'uul ka yahay formation of shuraakada cusub, unugyada ama clones ay. Sayidka macluumaad hidde Dhexdeeda soo bandhigaan, waxaa loo qaybiyey inta u dhaxaysa unugyada cusub ee la sameeyay isku (clones ahbaa) ama qayb ahaan (inta badan loo arkay sida ugub ah inta lagu guda jiro meiosis). guuldaradii natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee xadgudub ku ah formation of unugyada cusub, taas oo horseedaysa Isbedelo.

Intaa waxaa dheer, nooc gaar ah ee wax la iska dhaxlo ku jira mitochondria ah. Waxay DNA xoogaa ka duwan in xuduntii (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid uu leeyahay qaab ah annular iyo qabata dhowr hawlood oo kale).

Britain ayaa laftiisa la takooro karaa cell kasta oo jirka ah, (waayo, daraasadda of suuf ugu caamsan ee la isticmaalo gudaha ee dhabanka ama dhiig). No wax hidde kaliya ee epithelium exfoliates iyo unugyada dhiiga qaarkood (erythrocytes).

hawlaha

Halabuurka ee Britain ayaa DNA ay go'aamiso waxqabadka ay shaqo gudbinta xogta ka ab ka ab. Tan waxa u sabab ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada gaar ah oo keeni muujinta genotype ah (gudaha) ama phenotypic (external - tusaale ahaan, midabka indhaha ama timo ah) feature.

gudbinta macluumaadka waa la fuliyay iyada oo loo marayo fulinta ay code genetic. Iyagoo ka duulaya xogta Windows XP in code hidaha, waxaa jira horumarka ka mid ah macluumaad gaar ah, ribosomal iyo RNA kala iibsiga. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa mas'uul ka ah tallaabo gaar ah - RNA Rasuul waxaa loo isticmaalaa in synthesize borotiinada ku lug taagoo protein ribosomal shirka, iyo foomamka a borotiinada gaadiidka u dhiganta.

failure kasta oo qalliin ama qaab-dhismeedka ay isbedel u keenaysaa in carqalad ah shaqada uu qabtay, iyo muuqaalka kore ee muuqaalada atypical (Isbedelo).

baaritaanka DNA si loo ogaado aabbanimada joogitaanka astaamo la xidhiidha dadka ka mid ah.

baaritaan hidde

Maxaa hadda loo isticmaali karaa by daraasadda ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo?

Falanqaynta DNA waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo go'aamiyo arrimo dhowr ah ama isbeddel ah ee u shaqeeyo.

Baadhitaanka ayaa marka hore si loo ogaado jiritaanka, cudurada dhaxlay lagu dhasho. cudurada noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah Down syndrome, autism, Marfan syndrome.

Si loo go'aamiyo DNA qaraabonimo sidoo kale loo baran karaa. imtixaanka Waalidnimada muddo dheer baahsan ee geedi socodka badan, ugu horayn sharci,. Daraasad Tan waxaa loogu go'aaminta xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya hidde carruur garacyo. Inta badan this codsadayaasha baaritaan mari on dhaxalkii ay dhacdo of dhibaatooyin la xiriira maamulka.