Daawooyinka - waxa uu yahay waxan?

Daawooyinka - laan this of warshadaha, taas oo doonaysa in ay wax soo saarka ballaaran ee daawooyinka cabiran. Waxaa sii taariikhiga ah ee farmashiyaha. Inta u dhaxaysa laba fikradaha iyo qaababka loo helo dawooyinka farqi weyn.

Farmashiyaha iyo Pharmaceutics: Maxay ku kala duwan?

Farmashiyaha ayaa loo yaqaan tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, marka waxay noqotay daawooyinka ugu horeysay soo saaray. Si aad u taariikhda, farmashiyaha - anshaxa cilmi ah ee baaxadda oo ka mid ah abuurka ah ee daawooyinka, daraasad ay isku halaynta, cilmi baaris ku ereygu wuxuu ahaa iyo wax soo saarka ee daroogada, daraasadda of hab ay of tallaabo daroogada on aadanuhu iyo wax ka badan. Sidoo kale mawduuca daraasaddani waa in la raadiyo iyo baaritaanka khayraadka dabiiciga ah, daawooyinka. Farmashiyaha isku - waa wax soo saarka warshadaha ee daroogada, marxalada labaad ee horumarinta farmashiyaha si ay u daboolaan baahida suuqa baaxada leh.

Daawooyinka oo qayb ka ah farmashiyaha u muuqday in qarnigii 19, markayse u caddaatay in habka muddo dheer caan ku ah soo saaridda daroogada ma bixin karaan suuqa mass, iyo wax soo saarka keentay waa dabeecadda artisanal ee wax soo saarka. natiijo ee soo saaridda ah daroogada shaqsi ahaayeen dhibaatooyin soo noqnoqda ee bukaanka, mid kasta oo takhasus leh - "farmashiistaha" - lahaa recipe gaarka ah ee daroogada ah, ma jirin samaynta guud iyo simayo daawooyinka.

Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 19aad bilowday xilligii of simayo iyo bixitaanka silsilado farmashiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqa bilaabay in Maraykanka, ka dib markii fahamka faa'iidada ugu of abuurka ah ee suuqa caafimaad. Daroogooyinka bilaabay inuu la soo saaray tiro badan ka dib markii shirkadaha baaxad weyn oo ugu horreeya. Sidaas darteed, daawooyinka - this saarka farsamada ee daawooyinka oo dhan danaha midiidinka of warshadaha farsmada heerka sare ah ee ay.

Waa maxay macnaha Daawooyinka

In dunida maanta ee daawooyinka - waa meel ka mid ah aqoonta iyo dhaqanka ee danaha warshadaha, mass iyo kharashka wax soo saarka kaamil ah daroogada iyo walxaha. Waxaa daraasad dhammaan dhinacyada wax soo saarka mass-soo saaray. In ay aqoonta:

• Daraasad ee waxtarka daawooyinkaan iyo saamaynta ay jidhka bini'aadamka.
• Daraasadda ku saabsan deegaanka ee Medicine kiimikada (qiyaasta, fiirsashada, iyo si bixi.).
• Noocyada foomamka qiyaasta, hababka maamul ee wax soo saarka iyo iibinta.
• The dalalka jirka ah ee walxaha, daawooyinka (size, qaab, iyo D. sidaas on.).
• technology ee wax soo saarka mass, mashiinada iyo qalabka warshadaha, khadadka wax soo saarka qalabka.
• daawooyinka Excipients iyo saamaynta ay ku soo saarka ugu dambeeya oo jidhka bini'aadamka.

horumarinta ee daawooyinka

wershedaha dawooyinka ayaa soo baxay qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad. Muddadan, waxaa jiray farmashiyaha ugu horeysay halkaas oo daroogo aan sameeyey, laakiin kaliya iibiyey. In hirgelinta daroogada xiranayo dhacay. The Horseedka ee wax soo saarka warshadaha ee daroogada ayaa laba shirkadood: shirkadda soo saaray ammonia Bohm iyo Pelletier - quinine. Waxa ay tusaale ahaan waxaa xigay milkiilayaasha farmasiyada tafaariiqda, ku salaysan kuwaas oo-soo-saarka ugu weyn ee dib u kacay.

Marka farmashiistayaasha ganacsiga ogaaday in daawooyinka - waxaa aad u faa'iido, waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan ganacsi iyaga u gaar ah. In 1827, farmashiistaha Merck bilaabeen in ay soo saaraan daroogada ku saleysan waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah (morphine, quinine iyo si bixi.), Kee dheeraad ah u geeyeen abuurka shirkad weyn. The salaysan noocyada dawooyinka badan oo si fiican u yaqaan ayaa noqday farmashiyaha si joogto ah, tusaale ahaan, "Schering" (Germany) iyo "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics iyo Chemistry

Ma farmasiyada oo keli ah ku koobnayn industry this. Pharmaceutical toos ah ula xidhiidha la warshadaha kiimikada. waxyaabaha qashinka Kiimikada ahaayeen dhibic laga bilaabo tiro ka mid ah shirkadaha, tusaale ahaan, sida "Bayer". siyaasadda State of patenting horyaal daawooyinka ayaa sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay horumarinta warshadaha.

saaraha kasta fuuli karaan magaca adiga kuu gaar ah daroogada iyo iibiyo hoos brand u gaar ah, kaas oo ma looga hortago kuwa kale ay ogaadaan wax soo saarka isla hoos magacyo kala duwan. advertising iyo suuq ololaha Successful ka dhigay "aspirin" daroogada waa 24 jeer ka qaalisan aspirin, taas oo uu, dhab ahaantii, waxay ahayd.

dagaal u dhexeeya biloowday Prussia iyo Austria ee 1866 in ay kicin wax soo saarka ee daawooyinka. The colaadaha military ku xiga ee Europe, ayaa sidoo kale u adeegi jireen sida wadadii ay ku weynna u kobcay ee wax soo saarka ballaaran ee daawooyinka xiranayo. Ka hor inta Dagaalkii Adduunka hoggaamiyaha wershedaha dawooyinka ahaa Germany, saamiga aad suuqa ay ahayd 20% ee dakhli guud ee daawooyinka. Later, hoggaanka loo qaaday shirkadda US a.

daawooyinka Ruush

Daawooyinka ee Russia bilaabay horumarka la Macaabidda Yuhuud, halkaas oo dhibaato oo dhan ka helay cunto ruuxiga ah ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale kaa caawin in daaweynta cudurro, talooyin badan oo dhakhaatiirti. In 1091 ee Russia, isbitaalkii ugu horeeyay, bilaabaha ahaa Pereyaslav Efrayim wadaadka la aasaasay. Qorna ayaa sii raagayaan magacyada dhakhaatiirti badan monastic, iyo qaar ka mid ah istaahilaan qarniyo ah xurmayn, tusaale ahaan, Pimen Postnik iyo Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar duulaankii, iyo dhowr qarniyo addoonsiga joojiyay horumarka sayniska meelo badan oo daawo ah ayaa ficil ahaan iska daayeen inay ka jiraan. Dulsaarka waxaa loo soo nooleeyey in qoyska boqortooyada ee 1547, markii maxkamadda ka Europe keenay khubaro badan.

farmashiyaha ayaa marka hore u muuqday in Moscow inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivan Xun ee, xilalka shaqaalaha ahaa qabashada qoyska boqortooyada. Waxa uu noqday aasaas u ah abuurista Aptekarskaya Chamber. Xogta lagu kalsoonaan karo first on farmashiyaha ma noolaadaan. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay ku taallay hore ee guri keniisad Chudov ee Kremlin. shuqulkii oo dhan, ayaa waxaa si adag nidaamiyo, maaddooyinka loo isticmaalo diiwaanka gaar ah loo tixgeliyaa soo saaray daawo bixisey ku qorraa, taasoo muujinaysa in content ee qayb kasta oo ka tiro iyo magaca farmasiiga, kuwaas oo abuuray daawo. Buuggan waxaa lagu hayaa at sare Aptekarskaya Chamber wada jir ah ula dawooyinka oo dhan.

dib u habaynta Butros

In 1654, dugsiga tababarka ee dhakhaatiirta iyo farmashiistayaasha ahaa mid u furan. farmashiyaha Public muuqday Moscow ee 1672, iyo waxa aan ahaa ilaa iyo haatan ka Square Cas, iyada waxaa la siiyey magaca cusub, ma in lagu khaldo boqornimada. Progress ee ku yaala goobahan ayaa keenay reformer ugu weyn ee Russia - Peter I. In 1701, sida uu amar, in Moscow by sideed dukaamo sida ahaayeen furan. farmashiyaha ugu weyn oo ugu horumarsan wakhtigaas yaal Butcher Street ee 1706. Hawsha machadkan waxaa ka mid ma aha oo kaliya daroogada fasax kala duwan ee iibsada, laakiin sidoo kale sahayda cutubyo ciidanka daawooyinka.

In 1714 Petr Veliky qaatay dibuhabaynta soo socota ee Medicine iyo baxshay qaybta cadarsameeyaha oo Xafiiska Caafimaadka. hay'adaha New gacanta ciidamada iyo arrimaha caafimaadka, xeerka ah farmasiiyada. Bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad ee, caasimadda waxaa la aasaasay 14 farmashiyayaasha, oo waxay u muuqatay in magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn.

Guulaha ee farmashiistayaasha Ruush

Daawooyinka Guriga waxey kaalin weyn sayniska dunida. The daahfurtay ugu weerarka geysatay in Academy ee Medical-Qalliinka (St. Petersburg). On ku salaysan hay'adda, Professor OV Zabelin abaabulay shaybaarka halkaas oo tijaabo lagu sameeyo pharmacological. Iyada oo hawlaha A. A. nidaamo Sokolovskogo sida Farmashiiste iyo pharmaceutics bartay at University Moscow. Kaalin ka qaato horumarka ee daroogada iyo diyaarinta sameeyey saynisyahano badan oo ka shaqeeya Warega of 19-20 qarniyo.

dawooyinka ee muddada Soviet la soo saaray oo kaliya ka dib markii muddo dheer oo imtixaanka, xaqiijiyo waxtarka iyo nabadgelyada isticmaalkeeda. dalka ayaa qotomiyey shabakad of laboratories iyo shirkadaha waaweyn ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee daroogada adag. waxyaabaha soo saaray waxay ahaayeen tayo sare leh. Waqtigan xaadirka ah warshadaha ioyo Ruush si buuxda u waafaqsan heerarka caalamiga ah. Loo shabakad of laboratories iyo wax soo saarka si ay u horumariyaan sii si ay u abuuraan daawooyin cusub, tijaabo iyo cilmi-baarista la sameeyey.

warshado dawooyinka Ruush soo saaraan alaabta ee baahida suuqa gudaha iyo dibadda. Shan ka mid ah shirkadaha ugu weyn ee dawooyinka ee Federation Ruush ah sida soo socota:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "Vertex".
• STADA CIS.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Mihnadda "farmashiistaha"

Daawooyinka - waa saynis iyo warshadaha wax soo saarka, u baahan in shaqaale xirfad leh. dugsiyada Medical tababar takhasus laba xirfadaha - farmashiistayaasha iyo farmashiistayaasha. Farmashiistaha - isbitaalka, qaas ah oo loo diyaariyey in kulliyadaha, tababarka socdaa 4 sano. sayidkiisa farmashiistaha xirfad jaamacadaha muddo ka badan 7 sano (6 sano + 1 sano ah internship).

farmashiistayaasha saldhigga aqoonta ku jira afar qeybood oo waaweyn. Ka dib markii la sii daayo khabiiro ku takhasusay waxaa ka shaqeeya farmashiyaasha ee bakhaarada, laboratories, machadyada cilmi-baarista khaas ah dawooyinka. ardayda Farmashiyaha waxaa soo jiitay iman kara weyn iyo firfircoonida. takhasuska waa ma aha oo kaliya sii daayo daawada, laakiin in la siiyo talo ku saabsan doorashada kale. Intaa waxaa dheer, barashada afku saldhigga aqoonta u ogolaanaya in ay fahmaan sida daroogada la sameeyey, waxa Saamayntooda iyo sababo.

Yaa ordi karaan dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqaalaha ganacsi oo - daawooyinka? daawo A for cudur kasta oo la sameeyo in view of oo waafaqsan xeerarka adag iyo technology. Waayo, farmashiistaha ayaa shaqo ka qayb kasta oo ka mid ah shirkada. Meelaha shaqada ee khabiirka ah:

• The farmashiistaha-iibiyaha - shaqeeyaan farmasiyada tafaariiqda. Baaxadda mas'uuliyadaha ka mid ah la xidhiidhka macaamiisha, diiwaangelineed, wax soo saarka ee daawada, kaydinta saxda ah ee daawooyinka, goyn.
• The farmashiistaha-cilmibaadhe ka shaqeeya shaybaarka. Ujeedooyinka cilmi baranayso cudurka, daaweynta hababka, dhaqanka bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, microflora, iwm The xirfadlayaasha ugu digtoon ay heli karaan noocyada virus khatar ah (AIDS, Ebola, iwm ...) Waayo horumarinta tallaalo ka hortaga cudurada kuwaas oo ...
• Farmashiistayaasha, distributors dalbaday in shirkadaha dawooyinka ee ku lug leh fulinta daawooyinka iyaga u gaar ah ama yihiin wakiilada shirkadaha waaweyn.

Daawooyinka - ereygu ka mid ah sayniska iyo warshadaha. diyaarinta Medical isticmaalo wax soo saarka serial ku dhowaad waxba. hab A macquul ah in isticmaalka daawooyinka fududeeyaa dayactirka ah ee caafimaadka iyo dib u soo kabashada ka cuduro badan oo.