Cilmi-baadhayaal jooga Africa iyo furitaanka

In this article, waxaan soo xusuusan doonaa ka qayb sameeyey horumarinta cilmi-juqraafiga Africa. daahfurtay in ay si buuxda u fikradda ah Continent Dark bedelay.

The waxbarashada ugu horeysay ee Africa

safar ugu horreeya ee loo yaqaan agagaarka qaarada Afrika ayaa lagu fuliyaa sida ugu horreysa ee 600 BC. e. cilmi ee qadiimiga Masar on amarka Fircoon Nekoo. Horseedka Afrika waxay hareereeyeen qaaradda iyo helay oo aan la garaneyn in dalkan.

Iyo qarniyadii dhexe, qayb ka mid ah ee dunida bilaabay inuu keeni walaac daran ee Europe, taas oo keentay in ganacsiga firfircoon Turks, iibin at a qiimaha weyn alaabta Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Tani waxay keentay in ay hageyaasha Yurub in ay isku dayaan in ay ka helaan hab gaar ah si ay Hindiya iyo Shiinaha si looga hortago dhexdhexaadinta Turkish.

cilmi Afrika u muuqday, oo ay si weyn u soo saar saamayn taariikhda dunida. duulaan ugu horeeya ee ay Genri Portuguese Daabacashooyinka ee abaabulan. Intii ay safarka ugu horeysay badmaax helay cape Boyador, oo ku yaalla on xeebta galbeed ee Africa. Cilmi goostay in tani ay tahay barta koonfureed ee barriga. culimada casriga ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in Portugal si fudud u cabsadeen reer barbariyiintiina madow. Yurub rumeysan yahay in qorraxdu sii dhacaysay laalaadeen si hooseeyo dalka cusub, deegaanka waa inuu gubaa si madow.

Portuguese Korol Huan II qalabaysan duulaan cusub, hogaaminayo Bartolomeo Diaz, iyo Cape of Good Hope waxaa la helay 1487 - dhibic dhab ah koonfureed ee barriga. daahfurka Tani waxay caawisay Yurub keeni jidka loo dalalka bariga. In 1497-1499 horeysay Vasco Da Gama gaadhay Hindiya oo ku soo laabtay Portugal.

Nidaaminta aqoonta helay caawin doona miiska "Cilmi Afrika", hoos.

Ka dib markii laga helay this, Yurub shubay Africa. Qarnigii 16aad waxaa bilaabay ka ganacsiga addoonta, iyo meelaha ugu 17aad ee qaarada madow oo lagu qabtay meel qabsado. Freedom raagayaan Liberia iyo Ethiopia oo kaliya. Qarnigii 19-bilaabeen cilmi firfircoon ee Africa.

David Livingstone

sahamisa Scottish of Africa David Livingstone ahaa saynisyahan ugu horeysay ee Yurub, kuwaas oo ku guulaystay in uu koonfur iyo ilaa woqooyi ah in ay ka gudbaan Desert Kalahari ah. Waxa uu ku tilmaamay muuqaalkii lamadegaanka, dadka maxaliga ah - ee shisheeye-Tswana degeen iyo Wills reer guuraaga ah. In waqooyiga Kalahari uu helay kaymaha gallery in ay koraan oo ay weheliyaan bangiyada webiga, oo la qorsheeyay inuu baadi- webi ee waaweyn ee Africa.

Sidoo kale, saynisyahano Akhrisatay baddii Ngami, River Zambezi, ayaa ku tilmaamay qabiilooyinka Wills, iyo bakalahari Makololo oo helay Lake Dilolo, faniinkaba galbeedka oo cunto siiya Kongo iyo bari - Zambezi. In 1855 furay dhac weyn, kaas oo la magacaabay ka dib markii Queen Victoria Ingiriiska. Livingstone noqday nin aad u xanuunsan oo uu in muddo ah. Waxaa laga helay socotada Genri Morton Stenli, oo dhammaantood way wada sahamiyey Lake Tanganyika.

, Intooda badan ee uu noloshiisa cilmibaadhe ka go'an of Africa ahaa adeegayaasha iyo bani-a, isku dayeen in ay joojiyaan ka ganacsiga addoonta. Saynisyahanka dhintay inta lagu guda jiro mid ka mid ah guutadii.

Mungo Park

Mungo Park sameeyey laba guutadii in Continent Black. Ujeedadu waxay ahayd inaad wax ka barato West Africa, gaar ahaan ay gudaha, ilaha webiyaasha Gambia iyo Sinegal. Waxaa sidoo kale gool suurad wacan ahaa in la dhiso goobta saxda ah ee magaalada Timbuktu, oo reer Yurub ilaa dhibic in uu kaliya ka dadka deegaanka ay maqleen.

Kafaalasho duulaan ku qaaday Dzhozef Benks, kuwaas oo ka qayb-galay safar ugu horreeya ee James Cook. miisaaniyada waa uu iska dhex dhexaad - kaliya 200 pounds.

duulaan hore waxaa sameeyey -1795. Waxay bilaabeen afka Gambia, halkaas oo xitaa ka dibna waxaa jiray dejinta Ingiriisi ah. Laga soo bilaabo mid ka mid ah, oo ah cilmi leh saddexda caawiyeyaasha kor ugu baxay Gambia ah. Pisani ayaa lagu qasbay inuu joojiyo muddo laba bilood ah, sida duumada.

Later, wuxuu u sii socotay oo kor u Gambia iyo addoommo NERICA, xadka koonfureed ee ugu Sahara, halkaas oo uu qabtay. Dhawr bilood ka dib saynisyahan ah u suurtagashay in ay ka baxsadaan oo ay gaaraan webiga Niger. Halkan ayuu ka sameeyey daahfurka ah - Niger ma aha il reer Gambia iyo Senegal, inkasta oo ka hor in Yurub ay rumeysan yahay in ay u qaybsan yahay. cilmi-mar qaarkood waxay u safri Nigeria, laakiin mar dambe u xanuunsan oo ku soo laabtay afka Gambia ah.

duulaan labaad lagu qalabeeyay si fiican, 40 qof oo ka qaybgalay waxa ku jira. Ujeedadu waxay ahayd in ay baaritaan ku River Niger ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, safarka ahaa lagu guulaysan. Maxaa yeelay, cudurka, iyo dagaallo ay la galeen dadka deegaanka si ay u Bamako ay awoodaan si ay u helaan dadka kaliya 11 nool. Park tegey on duulaan, laakiin ka hor inta shiraaca diray caawiye ah diiwaanka oo dhan. cilmi Afrika had iyo jeer ma awoodaan in ay guriga ku soo noqdo meelaha khatarta ah. Park ayaa lagu dilay meel u dhow magaalada Busa, cararaya dadka deegaanka.

Genri Morton Stenli

sahamisa Afrika Ingiriisi Genri Morton Stenli - socotada caanka ah iyo weriye. Wuxuu u tegey in search of Livingstone maqan Ulasocto askartii ka mid ah barbariyiintiina oo helay isagoo si xun u xanuunsan ee Ujiji. Stanley keenay sahay caafimaad, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan u tegey on in ay wax ka beddelka Livingston. Si wada jir ah ay u sahamiyey xeebta waqooyi ee Tanganyika. In 1872 wuxuu in Zanzibar soo noqdeen oo qoray buug caan ah, "Sidee ayaan u helay Livingstone". In 1875, oo ay la socdaan koox weyn oo saynisyahano gaadhay baddii Ukereve.

In 1876, iyadoo askartii ka mid ah 2,000 oo qof, kaas oo ahaa boqorkii dalka Uganda qalabaysan, Genri Morton Stenli safray ballaadhan, map go'an oo Lake Tanganyika, helay Lake Albert Edward, gaadhay Nangve, sahamiyey webiga Lualaba oo dhameystirtay duulaan si ay afka River Congo. Sidaas darteed, ayuu gudbay qaarada min bari ilaa galbeed. saynisyahan Travel ku tilmaamay in buugga "Iyada oo Continent Madow ah."

Vasiliy Yunker

cilmi Ruush ee Africa ayaa kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda of Continent Black. Vasiliy Yunker waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha horseedka ah ee Nile Sare oo qaybta waqooyi ee Basin Congo. Uu safar uu ku bilaabay Tunisia, halkaas oo uu ka bartay Carabi. shayga of saynisyahan cilmi doortay Afrika Equatorial iyo bariga. Safray marey lamadegaanka oo dalka Liibiya, oo webiyaasha Baaraaq, Sobat, doorka, xidhmeen, Tonzhi. Mitt booqday dalka, Kalika.

Junker ayaa ma aha oo kaliya soo ururiyey ururinta dhif ah ee dhirta iyo ugaarta. Uu waxbarashada wadci ahaayeen sax ah, wuxuu u sameeyey map ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah qeybaha sare ee Niil, sidoo kale saynisyahan a tilmaamay dhirta iyo ugaarta, gaar ahaan la fageeyo faahfaahsan helay xoolaha la aqoon - shestokryla. data qiimo leh oo kaladuwan, kuwaas oo la soo ururiyay Juncker. Waxa uu soo ururiyey dictionary ah qabiilooyinka Negro ah, wuxuu soo ururiyey a collection kaladuwan hodan.

Yegor Kovalevsky

Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa si qaaradda Afrika iyo martiqaad ka mid ah masuuliyiinta maxalliga ah u yimid. Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky codsaday in ay yimaadaan si ay Masar u hadha deegaanka Muhammad Ali. Seynisyahanno ku sameeyay waqooyiga bari ee Afrika, waxbarasho dhulka ee kala duwan ee laga helay kayd dahab placer. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa ugu horeeyay ee tilmaan booska uu ka isha of Nile White waa, inuu sii bartay si faahfaahsan iyo baa'bin aag aad u ballaaran oo ka mid ah Sudan iyo Abyssinia, ku tilmaamay nolosha dadyowga Africa.

Alexander Eliseev

Aleksandr Vasilevich Eliseev qabtay qaaradda dhowr sano, ka 1881 si ay u 1893. Waxa uu sahamiyey waqooyiga iyo waqooyi-bari Afrika. Waxa uu tilmaamay in si faahfaahsan dabiiciga ah ee dadweynaha iyo Tunisia, Badda Cas iyo qeybaha hoose ee Nile.

Nikolai Vavilov

Cilmi-Soviet inta badan soo booqday Africa Continent Madow ah, laakiin iyaga ka mid ah Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov taagan ugu. In 1926 wuxuu ka dhigay duulaan cilmiga waaweyn. Waxa uu sahamiyey Algeria, abaabulan Biskra oo lamadegaanka Sahara ah, Gobolka buurta ee Kabylia, Morocco, Tunisia, Soomaaliya, Masar, Itoobiya iyo Eritrea.

Cilmi barasho dhir xiiso horrayn meelo ka mid ah bixitaanka dalagga. Dad badan oo markii uu u huray in Itoobiya, halkaas oo uu ku soo ururiyey in ka badan lix kun oo tijaabooyinka, dhirta kaymo, oo wuxuu helay 250 nooc oo sarreen ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, macluumaad badan oo ku saabsan flora duurjoogta ah waxaa laga heli.

Nikolai Vavilov safray daafaha dunida, sahaminta iyo soo ururinta dhirta. uu ku qoray "shanta qaaradood" buug ku saabsan safaradiisa.