Beelaha - waxaa ... gudbaya dhirta. Beelaha interspecific

The hab ugu wanaagsan in lagu xaliyo dunida dhibaato cuntada waa, sida muuqata, horumar dheeraad ah dalagyada jira koray on dalka hore u horumariyo. Beelaha - waa wax ka ciyaari karaan door muhiim ah in loo sugo ammaanka cunnada. Ka dib oo dhan, inta badan meelaha ay ku haboon beeraha waxaa hore u qaaday. Kororka xaddiga biyaha loo isticmaalo iyaga, Bacriminta iyo kiimikooyinka kale ee dhaqaale ahaan wax aan macquul aheyn in meelo badan oo. Taasi waa sababta muhiimadda gaarka ah hagaajinta dalagyada jira. hybrid A - warshad helay oo kaliya iyadoo ay sabab u hagaajinta this.

content protein

Dhibaatada been ma aha oo kaliya in hagaajinta dhalidda laakiin sidoo kale in la kordhiyo content protein iyo nafaqooyin kale. Waayo, nin waxaa muhiim ah in tayada borotiin in la cuni karo dhirta, xayawaanka (iyo aadanaha oo si gaar ah) waa in la helaa ka xaddiga cuntada lagama maarmaanka ah oo dhan lagama maarmaanka ah (ie kuwa aan awoodin in ay naftooda synthesize ..) Of acids amino. Sideed ka mid ah 20 acids amino lagama maarmaanka u ah qofka, la iman cunto. The 12 hartay laga yaabo keligeed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhirta la wanaajiyey oo sabab u ah xulashada Halabuurka proteinaceous ciday u baahan tahay nitrogen more iyo nafaqooyin kale oo aan ahayn qaab asalka ah, sidaas waxaa laga yaabaa in aan had iyo jeer la koray on dalalkan oo yarna halkaas oo baahida loo qabo dhaqamada sida gaar ah oo waaweyn.

guryaha cusub

Tayada waxaa ka mid ma aha oo kaliya dhalidda, halabuurka iyo tirada borotiinada. noocyo abuuray in badan yihiin adkaysi u cudurada iyo cayayaanka, maxaa yeelay, waxay ka kooban metabolites sare, qaab soo jiidasho iyo midab of miraha (tusaale ahaan, tufaax, casaan dhalaalaya midabka), waxa fiican in aad u adkeysan gaadiidka iyo kaydinta (tusaale ahaan, Beelaha kordhay ilaalinta tayada yaanyada), iyo sidoo kale haysashada hantida kale ee lagama maarmaanka u ah dhaqanka this.

hawlaha breeders

Breeders si taxadar leh u falanqeeyaan kala duwanaanshaha hidde la heli karo. Waxay leeyihiin muddo tobannaan sano soo bixiyey kun oo khadadka hagaagtay oo ka mid ah dalagyada ugu muhiimsan. Sida caadiga ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u helaan oo ay u qiimeeyaan kun oo Beelaha, si ay u doortaan dhowr iyaga ka mid ah in si dhab ah sarrayn doontid in guryaha ay mar horeba si weyn loo abuuro. Tusaale ahaan, wax-soosaarkooda gallayda ee dalka Mareykanka tan iyo 1930 for 1980. kor u kacay ku dhawaad sideed jeer, inkastoo breeders la isticmaalaa oo keliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha hidaha ee dhaqanka this. Waxaa jira Beelaha dheeraad ah oo cusub. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa isticmaalka Baxaad dheeraad ah si hufan.

gallayda hybrid

Kordhaya wax soo saarka ee ahaa hadhuudh waxaa suurto inta badan iyadoo la adeegsanayo abuurka hybrid. this dhaqanka khadadka inbred (ahaantood asal ahaan hybrid) ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida foomamka waalidka. abuur ah ka dhashay, iskutallaabtiisana ha u dhaxeeya yihiin horumarinta Beelaha hadhuudh aad u awood badan. khadadka ku beermaan beeray saf talantaalli ah, iyo geedka mid ka mid ah gacanta kuwaas gooyay panicles (inflorescences lab). Sidaa darteed, dhammaan miraha koobi kuwanu waa hybrid. Waxay leeyihiin guryaha aad u faa'iido aadanaha. By doorashada si taxadir ah khadadka inbred heli kartaa Beelaha awood badan. Kuwani waa dhirta ku haboon beerashada ee meel kasta oo la doonayo. Sababtoo ah calaamadaha dhirta hybrid yihiin, ay fududahay in la nadiifiyo yihiin. Iyo dhalidda ee mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa ka sii badan u-ekaanta unimproved. In 1935 Beelaha hadhuudhkii xisaabay in ka yar 1% oo dhan of dalagga koray ee Maraykanka, oo hadda shiidaa oo dhan. Yaa qaadanaya soo dajinno Biyaha badan ee dalagga this waa wax badan ka yar waqti lumis ka badan ka hor.

The guulo ka mid ah xarumaha taranta caalamiga ah

In ka badan labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxaa uu ahaa mid wax badan oo dadaal si loo horumariyo wax soo saarka ah ka buuxaan sarreen iyo miraha kale, gaar ahaan meelaha ee cimilada diiran. horumarka cajiib ah ayaa la sameeyay in xarumaha taranta caalamiga ah ee subtropics ah. Marka Beelaha cusub la rijeynaya in iyaga oo ku sarreen, galleyda iyo bariiska ayaa la koray ee Mexico, India iyo Pakistan, taas ayaa keentay in kor u kac wayn ee wax soo saarka beeraha, helay magaca Kacaanka Cagaaran.

kacaanka cagaaran

Developed marka ay farsamooyinka taranta, Bacriminta iyo waraabka ayaa la isticmaalaa dalal badan oo soo koraya. dhaqan kasta si ay u helaan wax-soosaarkooda sare u baahan yihiin xaaladaha sii kordhaya fiicnayn. Bacriminta, mechanization iyo waraabka - qaybaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee Kacaanka Cagaaran. Maadaama uu muuqaalada credit qoondaynta kaliya dadka dhulka leh xad hodanka ah ay awoodaan si ay u koraan Beelaha cusub warshad (badarka). Gobollada badan, kacaanka cagaaran ayaa la dedejiyey fiirsashada ah oo dalka ku yar gacmaha milkiilayaasha taajirsan. qaybin ka mid ah hantida noocan oo kale ah khasab ma aha siiyaan shaqada ama cuntada, inta badan dadka ku nool gobolladaas.

triticale

mararka qaarkood waxay horseedi karaan natiijooyin la yaab leh oo ka mid ah hab dhaqameed of taranta dhirta. Tusaale ahaan, dhexjir ah sarreen (Triticum) iyo galley (Secale) triticale (magaca cilmiyaysan Triticosecale) ayaa noqonaya mid sii kordhaysa muhiim ah in meelo badan, iyo, sida muuqata, waa mid aad u rajo. Waxaa la helay laban laabmay tirada koromosoom oo ku jira hybrid ah oo Nadiif ah ka buuxaan sarreen iyo galley in bartamihii 1950-. J .. O'Mara at the University of pc. Iowa isticmaalaya colchicine, walxaha ka hortagga formation of saxanka gacanta. Triticale isku daraa wax soo saarka sare oo sarreen ah la unpretentiousness galley. Hybrid miridhku ku yara deggan toosan - cudur fangas, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee la yareeyo dhalidda ee sarreenka. crossbreeding iyo xulashada dheeraad ah, ayay soo hagaagtay khadadka triticale meelaha gaarka ah. In bartamihii 1980-maadkii. dhaqanka this sababtoo ah halka ay dhalidda sare, caabiga arrimaha cimilada iyo caws engegan oo kale u fiican tagay goosashada ka dib, caan degdeg lagu helay in France, soo saare ugu weyn ee ahaa hadhuudh gudahood EEC ah. doorka Triticale in cuntada aadanaha si degdeg ah u koraya.

Ilaalinta iyo isticmaalka dalagga kala duwanaanshaha hidde

Barnaamijka Intensive ah, iskutallaabtiisana iyo doorashada hogaanka si cidhiidhi ah kala duwanaanshaha hidaha ee dhirta beerayaa sifooyinka oo dhan. Sababo cad, xulashada macmal ah waxaa inta badan loogu talagalay wax soo saarka sii kordhaya, iyo ka mid ah faracooda mid heer sare ah uniform of xulay si adag ku salaysan koobi waxaa mararka qaarkood laga badiyay in iska caabin ah cudurka. Muddo dhaqanka ee dhirta waxa ay noqonayaan labis more, tan iyo qaar ka mid ah calaamadaha ay inta badan sameysa badan intiisa kale, Sidaa darteed, u nugul wareer ah iyo cayayaanka waa dalagga oo dhan. Tusaale ahaan, Helminthosporium cudurka fangas oo galley ah oo uu keeno nooca Helminthosporium maydis (sawirka) ee 1970, Halaagnay oo ku saabsan 15% ka mid ah dalagga ee dalka Maraykanka, taas oo khasaare ah oo ku saabsan $ 1 billion. khasaare Tani waxay u muuqataa in ay la xiriiraan ah ee tartanka cusub ee fangas waa mid aad halis u ah qaar ka mid ah khadadka ugu muhiimsan oo ah hadhuudh, waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee abuur hybrid. Khadadka Qaar badan oo ganacsi muhiim ah oo cytoplasm geedka ahaa isku mid sida ee wax soo saarka gallayda hybrid si joogta ah u isticmaalaan dhirta pistillate isku.

Si looga hortago dhaawac sida waa in la koray ee go'doomin iyo kaydka line dhaqamada kala duwan oo waaweyn in, xataa haddii wadarta calaamadaha ma matalaan xiiso dhaqaalaha ku jiri kara hiddo in ay muhiim tahay in dagaalka ka dhanka ah cayayaanka iyo cudurada.

Beelaha of yaanyada

hogaamiyay in kordhaya kala duwanaanshaha hidde by jiitay foomamka duurjoogta ah waxay leeyihiin breeders yaanyo. Abuuritaanka this khadadka ururinta dhaqanka, qaadeen by Charles Rick iyo shaqaalaha ee jaamacadda California, Davis, ayaa loo ogol yahay in si wax ku ool leh dad badan oo ka mid ah cudurada ay ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan, sababa Fusarium xasilooneyn fangaska iyo Verticillum, iyo qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada ka qabtaan. Qiimaha nafaqada ee yaanyo waxaa aad u kordhay. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhirta hybrid badan yihiin adkaysi u salinity iyo xaaladaha kale ee loo kasin. Tani waxay inta badan ay sabab u ahayd nidaamka ururinta, Falanqaynta iyo isticmaalka khadadka yaanyo duurjoogta ah, waayo, taranta.

Sida aad arki karto, Beelaha interspecific yihiin kuwo aad u rajo beeraha. Thanks iyaga, oo aad loo hagaajin karo ee wax soo saarka iyo tayada dhirta. Waa in la ogaadaa in ma aha oo kaliya in beeraha, laakiin sidoo kale in xoolaha loo isticmaalo gudbo. Sidaas darteed waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, u muuqday baqashii (photo soo bandhigay waxaa ku xusan). Tani waxay sidoo kale waa hybrid ah, oo iskutallaabta ka dhexeeya dameer la geenyo ah.