Allelic iyo hiddo-non-allelic

genetics qiimaha

Iyadoo helitaanka saldhig hidaha ee sayniska ayaa helay substrate ballaaran cusub saldhig cilmi ah ee horumar - code hidaha. Taasi waxay saareen warbixin ku saabsan dhammaan isbeddellada ee la soo dhaafay oo soo socda ee horumarinta u shaqeeyo.

hiddo iyo ratio kala duwanaansho kuu ogolaanaya in aad si loo badbaadiyo oo kaliya tayada ugu fiican, laakiin halkii ay ku guuldareystay in ay helaan kuwa cusub, horumarinta qaab-dhismeedka iyo qayb guusha ee doorashada dabiiciga ah.

fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee genetics

In ku saleysan hidaha casriga dhaxal koromosoomyada aqbalay aragti in substrate ugu weyn waa koromosoomyada ah morphological - dhismeedka dhismaha waxaysidoo DNA (chromatin) kaas oo inta lagu guda jiro ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee brotiin, iyo macluumaad la akhriyo.

Hidaha ku salaysan dhowr fikradaha: hiddo (koodh qeybta DNA cutubkan gaar ah feature a), genotype iyo phenotype (set of hiddo iyo sifooyin ee u shaqeeyo ah), gametes (unugyada jeermiga iyadoo hal koromosoomyada) iyo saygoot (s unugyada diploid).

Hiddo, markeeda, waxaa loo kala saaraa gelin badan (A) iyo recessive (a) ku xiran tahay heerka ka mid ah feature badan allelic kale (A oo a) iyo non-allelic hiddo (A iyo B). Allelic ku yaalla gobollada koromosoomyada isku mid ah iyo sireed mid calaamad. hiddo-Non-allelic waxaa gabi ahaanba ka soo horjeeda iyaga ku yaalaan goobaha kala duwan iyo encode muuqaalada kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo this, hiddo-non-allelic awood u leeyihiin in ay la macaamilaan kale, kaca kasta la siiyo horumarinta qaababka cusub. Sida laga soo xigtay kooban oo tayo leh oo ah noolaha alleles loo qaybin karaa khaniis ah ama heterozygous in kiiska ugu horeeya waa hiddo-isku mid ah (AA, aa), in kale oo ka - waa kala duwan (AA).

Farsamo iyo isdhexgalka hiddo-circuit

Foomamka dhexgalka hiddo u dhexeeya geneticist Maraykan ah T.H.Morgan bartay. Natiijada uu cilmi-baarista, ayaa wuxuu sheegay in aragti koromosoomyada ah hiddo ah. Sida laga soo xigtay hiddo iyada ka mid ah mid ka mid koromosoomyada waa la wada dhaxlo. hiddo-noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan lala iyo foomka ah ee loo yaqaan kooxaha ku xirid. Taa baddalkeeda, kooxahan gudahood sidoo kale dhacda by hiddo crossover recombination - koromosoomyada wada dhaafsadaan qaybood oo kala duwan. In this gebi ahaanba macquul ah oo la cadeeyo xaqiiqada ah in hiddo-ka waxaa si toos ah lagu abaabulaa ka mid ah ka dambeeya kale, kala-socodka ah ee isgoyska-badan yihiin mana dayacna oo waa la wada dhaxlo.

Haddii ay jirto masaafada u dhexeeya hiddo ah, siday suuragal u kala jira - this ifafaale loo yaqaan "hiddo Amda dhamaystirnayn." waxa ka hadlayay in faahfaahin dheeraad ah, xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya hiddo ah allelic dhacdaa saddex qorsheyaasha fudud: dhamaystiran Lagaga in la siiyo sifo saafiga xukuma, Lagaga dhamaystirnayn in la siiyo feature kodominirovanie dhexe iyo dhaxalkii ay labada sifooyin. hiddo-Non-allelic ayaa sidoo kale dhaxlay dhib badan: qorshayaasha of complementarity, polymers ama epistasis. Halkan waxaa Dhaxli labada sifooyinka, laakiin ilaa xad ka duwan.