Aabbe u ahaa bamka qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti. aabbihiis American ah bamka qaaradda

In the US iyo USSR ee shaqo waqti isku mid ah ayaa bilaabay mashruuca qarax qaaradda. In 1942 bishii August ee mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ku yaal barxadda University Kazan ah, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ku shaqeeyaan a Secret Laboratory №2. Madaxa wax this ahaa Igor Kurchatov, Ruush "aabbe" bam ee qaaradda. Isla mar ahaantaana in August, u dhow Santa Fe, New Mexico, kasbatay "Laboratory qodniinka-" dhismayaasha dugsiga hoose hore, sidoo kale si qarsoodi ah. Waxaa uu hogaaminayo Robert Oppenheimer, "aabbe" bam ee qaaradda ka America.

On xalka dhibaatada ku qaatay guud ahaan saddex sano. The ugu horeysay qarax qaaradda Maraykanka ayaa waxaa lagu qarxiyay goob ay bishii July 1945. Laba ka badan August ayaa hoos u dhacay on Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Waxay qaadatay toddoba sannadood buu u dhalashada qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti. Qaraxa ayaa marka hore ka dhacay 1949.

Igor Kurchatov: Biography gaaban

Igor Kurchatov, "aabaha" bam ee qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti, ayaa ku dhashay 1903, January 12. Dhacdadani waxa ay dhacday gobolka Ufa, ayaa maanta magaalada Sims. Kurchatov waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha codsiyada tamarta nukliyeerka ujeedooyin nabad ah.

Wuxuu ka qalin sharaf ka gymnasium iyo farsamada dugsiga Simferopol ah. Kurchatov ee 1920 galay University Tauride ah, Waaxda Physics iyo Xisaabta. Horeba 3 sano ka dib, dhammaan wuu ku liibaanay hore jaamacad this. "Aabbe" bam ee qaaradda ee 1930, waxay bilaabeen ka shaqeeya machadka Jirka-Technical ee Leningrad, halkaas oo uu madax waaxda physics ah.

Age ilaa Kurchatov

Back ee 1930 ee Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay shaqada la xiriira tamarta nukliyeerka. Farmasi iyo physicists xarumaha sayniska kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale khubarada wadamada kale ka qayb qaatay dhammaan Midowga shirarka waxaa lagu abaabulaa USSR.

Baarka loo diyaariyey radium in 1932 sano. Oo 1939 waxaa loo xisaabiyaa fission reaction Silsiladda atamka culus. 1940 waxay ahayd talaabo ah oo duurka ku nuclear: design ee qaraxa qaaradda waxaa la abuuray, iyo sidoo kale hababka soo jeediyay ee wax soo saarka ee uranium-235. Qarxayaasha caadiga markii ugu horaysay la soo jeediyey sida fiyuuska in la bilaabo reaction silsiladda. Sidoo kale 1940, Kurchatov ayuu warbixintiisii hordhigay, dhigay on fission ee nuclei culus.

Research intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii ka Great Patriotic

Marka 1941, Jarmalka weerareen Midowga Soofiyeeti, cilmi-nuclear ayaa la ganaaxay. Main hay'adaha Leningrad iyo Moscow in la macaamilooday dhibaatooyinka physics nuclear, ayaa laga daadgureeyay.

Head of Strategic Intelligence Beria ogaa in physicists Western fiirsan hubka nuclear xaqiiqada ah gaadhi. Sida laga soo xigtay diiwaanka taariikhiga ah, ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ee 1939 In September yimid daahsoon Robert Oppenheimer, oo ah agaasimaha shuqullada on abuurka bam nuclear oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Hoggaanka Soviet baran karin ku saabsan helitaanka hubka ee macluumaadka u sheegay "aabbe" bam ee qaaradda.

In USSR ee 1941, xogta sahanka ka Britain iyo Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay in ay yimaadaan. Sida ay ilahaasi, West la bilaabay shaqo oo degdeg ah, ujeedada taas - abuurka ah ee hubka nukliyeerka.

In guga ee 1943, Laboratory №2 waxaa la abuuray ee wax soo saarka ee bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR. Su'aasha kacay sidii kan si ay u bandhigay in ay maamulka. Liiska musharixiinta asal ahaan ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 50 magacyada. Beria, si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorashada si ay u joojiyaan at Kurchatov. Wuxuu la odhan jiray bishii October 1943 si ay aroosadda in Moscow. Maanta Research Center, oo koray out of shaybaarka, waxaa la odhan jiray ka dib markii - "Kurchatov Institute".

In 1946, April 9, soo saaray amar ah oo ku saabsan dhismaha xafiiska design ka Laboratory №2. Kaliya horraantii 1947, waxaan la diyaariyay dhismayaasha wax soo saarka ugu horeysay, taasoo ku jiray gobolka reserve Mordovia. Qaar ka mid ah shaybaarada waxay ku jireen dhismayaasha keniisad ah.

RDS-1, ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda qarax Ruush

noocooda Soviet magacaabay RDS-1, taasoo, sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah version, loogu tala galay "jet engine a gaar ah." Muddo ka dib, waxaan bilaabay in ay rayi soo gaabiyay this qaniintay kala duwan - ". Stalin ee Engine Gantaal" documents ee bam Soviet qarsoodi ah waxaa loo yaqaan "engine gantaal".

Waa qalab ah oo awood ahaa 22 kilotons. Its horumarinta hub nuclear ku jiray Midowga Soofiyeeti, si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahida loo qabo in la qabsado oo la Maraykanka, kuwaas oo ku baxeen ka hor wakhtiga dagaalka, lagu qasbay sayniska gudaha sirdoonka isticmaalka data. Waayo, ku salaysan bam ugu horeysay ee Russian qaaradda loo qaaday "Man Fat", oo loogu talagalay by Maraykanka (sawirka hoose).

Waxa ay ahayd markii uu 9 August 1945 Mareykanka hoos on Nagasaki. Waxa aan ka shaqeeyey "Fat Man" on suuska ee plutonium-239. engeeg Scheme ahaa Abbottabad: qarxeen eedeeyay on wareega mid ah waxyaabaha la fissile oo la ruxruxo qaraxa abuuray, kaas oo "qallocan" walax, oo ku yaalla xarunta oo sababa dareen-celinta silsilad. Qorshahani wuxuu sii aqoonsan tahay mid aan shaqaynayn.

RDS-1 Soviet la aasaasay ahaa ee foomka of dhexroor weyn oo qarax svobodnopadayuschie mass. Maxaa yeelay, plutonium lacag nuclear qalab qarxa ayaa la dhigay. qalabka korontada, iyo sidoo kale jirka ballistic RDS-1 ahayd horumarinta qoyska. Qaraxa ayaa ka koobnaa madfac ballistic, kharash nuclear, aaladaha qarxa, iyo amarka qalabka ay wiiqaysaa nidaamka qalabaynta.

uranium yaraanta

physics Soviet, ku salaysan qarax plutonium Maraykanka, wajahay dhibaato lahaa in lagu xallin in wakhtiga ugu gaaban suurogal, wax soo saarka ee plutonium waqtiga horumarinta ayaa weli ma bilaabay in Midowga Soofiyeeti. Sidaa darteed, qabsadeen uranium asal ahaan loo isticmaalo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nuclear-ka looga baahan yahay ugu yaraan 150 tons oo ah walaxda. In 1945 inuu sameeyo shuqulkiisa miinooyinka ee East Germany iyo Czechoslovakia dib u bilaabay. kayd Uranium ee gobolka Chita ah, in Kolyma, in Kazakhstan, ee Central Asia, ayaa laga helay Waqooyiga Caucasus iyo Ukraine ee 1946.

In Urals ah, oo u dhow magaalada Kyshtym (meel u dhow Chabrovsk), waxaan bilaabay in ay dhistaan "nalalka" - warshad radiochemical, iyo nuclear ugu horeysay ee Soviet warshadaha. Kurchatov shakhsi kormeero dul saarin of uranium. Dhismaha waxaa la geeyay 1947 in saddex goobood: laba ee Urals Bartamaha iyo mid ka mid ah - ee gobolka Gorky ah.

Si degdeg ah u socoto shaqada dhismaha, laakiin uranium weli ma ku filan. The nuclear-ganacsiga ugu horeysay, xataa 1948 ayaa laga yaabaa in aan la bilaabay. Kaliya 7 June ee sannadkan ayaa lagu soo oogay uranium.

Guddiga of tijaabo nuclear-nuclear

"Aabbe" bam ee Soviet qaaradda shakhsi ahaan la wareegay xilkiisa operator sare on gacanta fog ee nuclear-ka nuclear. June 7, inta u dhaxaysa 11 iyo 12 subaxnimo,, Kurchatov bilaabeen inay tijaabiyaan on bilaabay. Nuclear-June 8 gaadhay dhismaha awoodda waxqabad ee 100 kilowatts. Ka dib markii in, "aabaha" bam ee Soviet qaaradda dilay bilowgii reaction silsilad. Laba maalmood ka sii wajiga labaad ee tababarka nuclear-nuclear. Marka galaysay biyo qaboojinta, waxaa caddaatay in uranium ee qubo ma ku filan si ay u fuliyaan tijaabo ah. nuclear kaliya ka dib markii qaybo shanaad walax loading ayaa gaaray gobolka muhiimka ah. reaction silsiladda suurto gal ahayd mar kale. Waxaa dhacay 8:00 am on June 10.

17 ka mid ah isla bishaas Kurchatov - Abuuraha reer qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti - in log isbedel lagu duubay ugaasyadii, kaas oo ka digay in sahayda biyaha kiis kasta waa in aan la joojiyo, haddii kale waxaa jiri doona qarax. June 19, 1938 at 12:45 qaaday furitaanka warshadaha ee nuclear-ka nuclear, ugu horeysay ee Eurasia.

Successful imtixaanka ka mid ah Qarax

In 1949 ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ee June ay u ururay 10 kiiloogaraam oo plutonium - qadarka in lagu daray in bamka American. Kurchatov, aasaasihii qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti, ka dib markii amar ee Beria, amray in ay u xil 29 imtixaanka August ee RDS-1.

Shirqoolkii Irtysh steppe aan biyo lahayn, oo ku yaalla Kazakhstan, meel u dhow Semipalatinsk, waxaa la iska dhigo by goobta imtixaanka. In xarunta duurka duuliyaha, dhexroorka ah taas oo ahayd qiyaastii 20 km, steel height munaaraddii 37.5 metroa waxaa la dhisay. RDS-1 rakibay waxa on.

Kharashka loo adeegsaday bamka, waxay ahayd qaab-dhismeedka multi-lakabka ah. Waxa tarjumay Marxalad adag oo ah walaxda firfircoon ayaa la sameeyaa by it compressing isticmaalaya spherical ruxruxo qaraxa is-kaas oo la aasaasay sanadkii qarxa ah.

cawaaqibka qaraxa

Tower ka dib markii qaraxa, ayaa waxaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. In ay meesha ka kacay masaf. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhaawac ugu weyn ee ay saareen ruxruxo lama filaan ah. Sida ay sharaxaad ka mid ah markhaatiyaal indhaha ku arkay, marka on August 30, safarka goobta qaraxa, beerta tijaabo ahaa goobta daran. Highway iyo tareenka buundooyinka waxaa lagu tuuray fogaan ah 20-30 mitir oo Careeyey. Mishiinada iyo baabuurta kala fogaan ah 50-80 mitir meeshii ay ahaayeen, guryaha ayaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. Haamaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa hubinta ciidamada saameynta, ayaa Darwiish iyo munaarado on dhinaca, iyo qoriga noqday raso of biraha qaloocin. Sidoo kale 10 baabuurta, "Victory", si gaar ah halkan waayo-aragnimo u keenay gubay.

Total RDS-1 bam ayaa lagu soo saaray 5. Waxay aan la wareejiyay Ciidamada Cirka ah, oo lagu kaydiyaa Arzamas-16. Maanta in Sarov, kuwaas oo hore u ahaa Arzamas-16 (shaybaarka ayaa lagu muujiyay in sawirka hoose), qaabka muujiyay qarax. Waxay ku taalaa ee matxafka maxaliga ah ee hubka nukliyeerka.

"Aabbayaashow" bam ee qaaradda

In abuurka bam Maraykanka qaaradda waxaa ka qayb galay 12 oo keliya Laureates Nobel, mustaqbalka iyo hadiyad. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa caawinaya koox ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ka UK, kuwaas oo loo diray in ay Los Alamos 1943.

In times Soofiyeeti, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Midowga Soofiyeeti gebi ahaanba madax banaan go'aansaday hawsha qaaradda. Meel walba ayaa sheegay in Kurchatov, aasaasihii qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti, waxa uu ahaa "aabbe". Inkastoo warar xan ah oo ku saabsan siraha ka Americans xaday mar mar xaday. Waxa ay ahayd oo keliya sanadkii 1990, ka dib markii 50 sano, Julius Hariton - mid ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha ugu weyn ee dhacdooyinka waqtiga - sheegay doorka weyn ee sirdoonka Abuuridda mashruuca Soviet. guulaha Farsamada iyo sayniska ee Americans miino Klaus Fuchs, kuwaas oo ku yimid kooxda Ingiriiska.

Sidaa darteed Oppenheimer la oran karo waa ku "aabbe" bambooyin, taas oo la abuuray labada dhinac ee badda. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in Abuuraha reer bam ugu horeysay ee Soviet qaaradda saxda ah waa. Labada mashruuc, Maraykanka iyo Ruushka, ayaa ku salaysan fikrado uu. Wrong in ay qaataan Kurchatov iyo Oppenheimer oo kaliya qabanqaabiyaha aad u fiican. About saynisyahan a Soviet, iyo sidoo kale ku saabsan ka qayb by Abuuraha reer bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti sameeyey, aynu hore loo sheegay. guulaha ugu waaweyn ee Oppenheimer ahaayeen sayniska. Ayuu u soo jeestay madaxa barnaamijka nuclear sababtoo ah iyaga ka mid ah, iyo sidoo kale Abuuraha reer qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Biography Warbixinta Gaarka ah ee Roberta Oppengeymera

Wuxuu ku dhashay aqoonyahan this 1904, April 22, ee New York. Robert Oppenheimer qalin ee 1925 oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Harvard. Waxaan u tababaran abuure mustaqbalka ee bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda sano ah gudahood Laboratory Cavendish ee Rutherford. Sannad ka dib, saynisyahan ku dhaqaaqay Jaamacadda Göttingen. Halkan, hoos jihada ee M. dhashay, wuxuu difaacay sida uu u PhD. In 1928 cilmiga in ay USA ku soo laabtay. "Aabbe" bam Maraykanka qaaradda ka 1929 si ay u 1947 ayuu wax ku baray laba jaamacadood oo dalka ah - California Institute of Technology iyo University of California.

July 16, 1945 lagu qaaday imtixaan guul bam ugu horeysay ee United States, iyo wakhti yar ka dib, Oppenheimer, oo ay la socdaan xubno kale oo lagu sameeyay Madaxweynaha Truman Guddiga Kumeelgaarka ah, ayaa lagu qasbay in la doorto waxyaabaha mustaqbalka Bamkii Atomikada. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah asxaabta uu wakhtigaas si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda isticmaalka hubka nuclear khatar ah, baahida loo qabo taas oo aan ahaa, sida is dhiibin Japan ayaa ahaa natiijadeeda la ah. Oppenheimer uma biiro.

Isagoo sharaxayay dhaqankiisa mustaqbalka, waxa uu sheegay in ku tiirsan siyaasiyiinta iyo ciidanka, kuwaas oo ka fiican qof aqoon u leh xaaladda dhabta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 1945, Oppenheimer dayn inay noqon agaasime ka ahaa National Los Alamos ku Laboratory. Waxa uu ku biiray Preston, taasoo keentay machadka cilmi-baarista ee degaanka. Warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay ee Maraykanka, iyo sidoo kale dalka dibaddiisa, soo gaadhay jiro boosaska. wargeysyada New York qoreen wax isaga ku saabsan iyo aad u badan. Madaxweynaha Truman abaal Oppenheimer "Biladaha ee Merit", taas oo ah si ay ugu sareeya ee America.

Waxa uu ku qoray, marka lagu daro waraaqaha sayniska, dhowr buugaagta aan qiyaaliga: "Open Mind", "Science iyo aqoonta maalin kasta" iyo kuwa kale.

saynisyahan Tani waxay ku dhintay 1967, on 18 February. Oppenheimer tan iyo markii uu dhalinyarada ahaa sigaar culus. Wuxuu 1965 helay kansarka dhuun ah. Dabayaaqadii 1966, hawlgalka, kuwaas oo keenay natiijooyin lahayn ka dib, wuxuu maray chemotherapy iyo radiotherapy. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta daaweynta aan la siin, iyo February 18, saynisyahan dhintay.

Sidaas daraaddeed, Kurchatov - "aabaha" bam ee qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti, Oppenheimer - oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Hadda oo aad ogtahay magacyada kuwa shaqeeyey horumarinta hubka nuclear ugu horeysay. Jawaabay su'aasha ah: "Yaa waa aabbe u ahaa bamka qaaradda", waxaan la hadlay oo kaliya oo ku saabsan heerarka bilowga ah ee taariikhda, kuwaas oo hub khatar ah. Waxaa sii ilaa maantadan la joogo. Waxaa intaa dheer, maanta duurka ku si firfircoon horumar cusub dhacaan. "Aabbe" bam ee qaaradda - American ah, Robert Oppenheimer, iyo sidoo kale saynisyahan Ruush Igor Kurchatov ahaa horyaal ah ee ganacsiga.