3M diyaarad: taariikhda abuurista iyo horumarka, farsamada khaaska

3M diyaarad - Qarax istiraatiiji ah Soviet, taas oo noqotay abbaaraha afar sano ee. In taariikhda diyaaradaha this lahaa wax badan oo dhacdooyin kala duwan. Waxa uu ugu danbeyn helay sumcad isku qasan. Qaar ka mid ah soo wac model this degdeg ah diyaaradaha, halka qaar kalena waxay guul weyn ka fiirsan. Anyway, diyaaradaha 3M, taariikhda ayaa mawduuca of our hadalka, u qalmaa dareenka sida mashruuca halis ah oo diyaarad Soviet.

DULUCDA OF THE

In 1940, marka waxaa jiray hub nuclear, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay gaadiidka iyo gaarsiinta mobile noqday meesha uu doonayo. adag Military loo baahan yahay qarxiyay in sifooyinka badan karaan kuwa la heli karo mar model waa 1.5-2 jeer. Sidaas fikirka ah qarxiyay istiraatiiji ah waxaa la aasaasay. America bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan, kuwaas oo diyaarad ka hor. In 1946, laba kaliya shirkadda duulimaadyada American - "Boeing" iyo "Convair" - hawlan horumarinta qarxiyay istiraatiiji ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, duulimaadka ugu horeysay ee 1952 diyaarad ka go'an B-52 iyo B-60. Labada moodooyinka kala duwan yihiin ka horreeyay, waxay saqafka sare iyo xawaaraha cajiib ah oo kala duwan.

Start horumarka

In Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay horumarka la mid ah dib u dhac weyn. Waxaa oo dhan ku bilaabantay xaqiiqda ah in naqshadeeye B. Myasischev, professor a at Moscow Aviation Machadka, soo jeediyay in xukuumaddu ay u abuuraan isku qarxiyay istiraatiiji awoodi ilaa duulo 12,000 kiiloomitir. Sidaas darteed, la tashanaya khubaro, Stalin go'aansaday on gaar ah horumarinta Myasishcheva mas'uuliyadda ammaano ee ay diyaarad la soo jeediyey, laakiin dhigay waqtiyada adag. Horumarinta ahaa in la dhameystiro May 24, 1951. Golaha Wasaaradaha USSR amartay dhismaha diyaaradda leydin ka dib ku dhow oo ka mid ah OKB-23 MAP. naqshadeeye Chief noqday Myasischev. Si dhakhso ah Taliyaha Ciidamada Cirka ee sare oo ka mid ah shuruudaha xeelad iyo farsamo ee mishiinka ayaa la ansixiyay. kala duwan oo ugu badnaan ay aheyd inuu noqdo yar ma ka badan 12 kun oo kiiloomitir la load bam of 5 tons ah. Diyaaradda lahaa inuu u duulo xawaare ah 900 km / h at sare ah 9 kiiloomitir.

Waqtiga loo qoondeeyey qorsheeyo iyo in la dhiso qarxiyay a for "Project 25" (sida la odhan jiray inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta), uu dalbaday by xafiiska design of iskaashiga la yeesheen ururo kale ee warshadaha, xafiisyada design kale, machadyada cilmi-baarista iyo warshadaha.

The horumar ugu horeysay

diyaarad hore waxaa samaynta Dakatu L. Selyakov - uu lahaa doorka naqshadeeye, aerodynamics iyo prochnista isku mar. B. Myasischev markii ugu hawlan dhismaha kala qaybsanaanta, waaxaha iyo kooxaha. Kooxda waxaa loo abuuray in barbar qarxiyay. In mashruuca sawir muddo gaaban loo hagaajiyey oo ansixiyey. Isla mar ahaantaana u horumariyo technology-soo-saarka, ugu horrayn, maxaa yeelay, Midowga Soofiyeeti ma soo saari sida diyaarad weyn oo culus. Waayo, mishiinka loo baahan yahay qaababka cusub ee tirada iyo qalab, iyo sidoo kale isku waydaarsanayeen ah.

Qarax The lahaa in ay leeyihiin qaab aerodynamic wanaagsan, si ay u horumariyaan xawaare ka badan oo waxaan noqonayaa sida iftiinka badan ee suurtogalka ah. samaynta The siiyo qaabka garabka dareenka badan. Waayo, lixda bilood ee ugu horreeya ee horumarinta ee tunnel dabaysha TsAGI tijaabiyey noocyo kala duwan oo lagu daydo, ilaa maalintii la helay fiicnayn. garabka abuuray ahaa mid iftiin, lahaa a qaybo dhamaadka dabacsan oo decompression sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka. Waxaa sidoo kale in ay iska caabin flutter saamaynta. xidid garabka yaaliin matoorrada, mid kastaa leeyahay qaadashada hawada ah. waxaa la baabi'iyo yaabaa saameynta ay labada dhinac ka mid ah engine marka ka hawlgala hababka kala duwan. Nozzles ayaa la geeyay in ka diyaarado siman oo taagan at 4 darajo. qiyaas Tani waxa ay ahayd lagama maarmaan u ah ka saarida jet ah gaaska kulul ayaa uga iman sooctey iyo empennage.

qalabka

Qarax warshad koronto ka mid ahaa afar Mikulino dhismaha awood engine jet. Ay ushii ahaa 8700 kg. In design ee dalab warshad koronto ayaa loo sameeyay isku halaynta ugu badnaan. By habka, sida ay design asalka ah, diyaaradda waxaa qalabaysan saddex matoorada la riixdaan ka mid ah 13,000 kgf. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, OKB Dobrynin lahaa waqti lahayn in waqti gaaban noocan oo kale ah si ay u diyaariyaan prototypes ee matoorada kuwan.

Sidoo kale waa in aan soo magacawnay jiifku ay doorasho samaynta qarxiyay ee la doortay. Si aad u barato, dhaq-dhaqaaqa sida diyaaradaha culus ku ordaana koox khabiir gaar ah abaabulay. Markii hore loo arkaa dhowr qorsheyaasha jiifku: heerka saddex lugood, multisupporting iyo baaskiil. Waqtiga baaritaanka laftiisa waxaa sida ugu wanaagsan jiifku ka baaskiil nidaamka hore "vzdyblivayuscheysya" hooyeen iyo struts lateral diyaarin at darafyadiisa baalashii dhisay muujiyey. Diyaaradan ayaa waxaa si tartiib ah u safraya on runway iyo fayday in dhererka la doonayo by hayo bilowga orodka ah.

Labada nin Madax giraangiraha dhajinta on tarooli hore, janjeedha at kala duwan oo xagal yar (15 + ^0). Marka labada nin u soo jeestay, jihada hooyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa beddelay, oo ka dib markii la bedelay iyo jihada of diyaarad oo dhan. In "vzdyblivaniya" mode, labada hore giraangiraha noqday dumis ah. At heerka ugu dambeeya ee duushay ee sanka diyaaradda kor iyo xagal ee weerarka kordhay. Ka qayb qaadashada duushay pilot ee ahaa yar. Qorshahani wuxuu baari on shaybaarka duulaya "Tu-4", marsho degtey bishkleetiga oo si gaar ah bedelay baaskiil ah. Waxa kale oo jiray model ah soo hooyeen gaar ah koronto ku shaqeeya. baarka jiifku ay khibrad maray adag ka buuxaan imtixaanada iyo xaqiijiyay in ay ku habboon in loo isticmaalo on qarxiyay a.

load qarax Diyaaradaha ahayd 24 metrik iyo bambooyin heerkiisa ugu weyn - 9000 kg. Thanks to hortiisa radar ka mid ah BPM-4 waxaa bixiyey qaraxii sax. In qarxiyay uu ahaa hub quruxsan awood difaaca. Waxay ka kooban tahay lix qoryaha automatic booskan 23 mm. Waxay la dhigay on saddex lammaane oo halbeeg Rotary ee sooctey sare, hoose iyo gadaal. markabka, oo ka kooban siddeed qof, ku yaaliin laba qol xooga leh. Kuraasta, midhona kor saaray iyada oo godobihii.

imtixaanka

By December 1952 noocooda qarxiyay la dhisay. January 20 sanadka soo socda, gaariga oo markii ugu horeysay ka sara hawada. pilot imtixaanka Flight by F. Opadchiy faray. Laga soo bilaabo maalintaas ka bilaabay baaritaano muunad warshad xawaaraha buuxa. Waxay qaadatay ilaa April 15, 1954. dib u dhac ay sabab u ahayd ku bulkiness iyo kakanaanta imtixaanka.

Miisaanka uu leeyahay duulimaadka ugu badan ee diyaaradda waxa ay ka 181,5 tons. Its xawaaraha at sare ah ee 6700 m wuxuu u dhigmaa 947 kilomitir saacaddii. saqafka Service (kala duwan ugu badnaan) iyo miisaanka a of 138 metrik ahaa 12,500 mitir. Samaynta suurtagashay in ay meel on board mugga weyn, Haamaha Shiidaalka. Waxay kooxda kaalinta 132 390 litir oo shidaal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, amarka ugu badnaan waxaa ku koobnayn 123600 litir.

In 1954, imtixaanka waxaa ku xiran noocooda labaad, kaas oo la soo gaabiyey 1 qayb sanka m, meel garabka waaweyn iyo tiro ka mid ah beddelka kale yar yar. Injineerada ay bilaabeen in ay u diyaar garoobaan soo saarka mass of qarxiyay. Waqtigaa oo lagu sharfayo mashiinka naqshadeeye Myasishcheva la odhan jiray "Diyaaradeed M". "3M" - code in lagu qoray in model ah ka dib. Laakiin marka hore, waxa la odhan jiray M-4.

Imtixaanada ma ay sida ugu wanaagsan. On waxqabadka ugu diyaaradaha si buuxda u waafaqsan tilmaamaha, laakiin baahida ugu weyn ee - kala duwan ee ugu badan la 5 tan oo bambooyin on board - inuusan la kulmi karaan. Ka dib markii dhowr dib qarxiyay weli la ansixiyay. Laakiin su'aasha ah ee kala duwan oo duulimaad ku filnayn furan.

aanlarabin

Si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada kor ku xusan, isku qarxiyay a on a matoorada awood badan oo weli dhaqaale RD-3M, kaas oo uu sameeyay P. Degmada Afgooye. Qarax la warshad cusub oo awood heshay index "3M". Dhab ahaantii, matoorrada waxaa modified versions of matoorada AM-3A. Jar at awoodda ugu badan ayaa kor u kacay in 9500 kgf. Waxaa intaa dheer, rakibidda RD-3M lahaa hab degdeg ah, taas oo haddii ay dhacdo failure oo ka mid ah baabuurta xoog kordhay 10 500kGs kale. Iyada oo qalabka amar caynkan oo kale diyaarad 3M ay gaari karaan xawaare ka mid ah 930 km / h iyo duuli oo aan istaagin meel fog si ay u 8100 km.

In search this fursadaha in ay kordhiyaan kala duwan oo horyaalka aan ku dhamaaday. The version imtixaanka labaad qalabaysan nidaamka gami horumariyo by OKB Alekseev. Waxaa muuqatay "ul" ee helaya shidaalka kor qol ah. Well Markab qalabaysan taangiga dheeraad ah, qalabka la liso oo xarig culeys lugu koriyo ah.

Inkasta oo diyaaradda la abuuray 3M Myasishcheva shaqada isku midka ah waxaa fuliyey on horumarinta ee ay version-dheer, kaas oo helay horyaalka shaqada of 2 Milyan ah. Waa samaynta ka soo baxay in la dhiso hal mar afar turbojet engine HP-5 - on pylons hoostiisa garabka ka soo soocay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, design ee "sare sare" joojiyay tan iyo version 3M ahaa awoodaan in ay gaaraan sifooyinka design ay.

3M Air: horumarinta

Inkastoo waxqabadka wanaagsan, model ah ayaa sii waday in ay umuuruhu. March 27, 1956 duulimaadka ugu horeeya ee gaariga 3M ah. Diyaaradda ayaa helay matoorada VD-7 cusub, kaas oo lahaa riixdaan ka mid ah 11,000 kgf. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay u miisaamay shidaal yar oo qaatay in ka yar. First, diyaaradda lagu qalabeeyey laba matoorada cusub, iyo 1957 - afar oo dhan. Iyada oo rakibo of qaabeynta cusub baalashii iyo horumar ah ee dabeecadaha dabada tayada siman aerodynamic diyaaraddu kor u dareemi. Intaa waxaa dheer, mugga uu kordhay Haamaha Shiidaalka. Waxa suurtagashay in taas loo gaaro, oo ay ku jiraan iyada oo taangiyada motor ah. Laba ka mid ah ayaa lagu dhegaysanayay ee Baay qarax (haddii load bamka la oggol yahay), iyo laba kale - baalasheeda hoostooda, oo u dhexeeya matoorrada ah.

Diyaarad 3M, sifooyinka oo aynu ka hadlayaan maanta, helay design a khafiifa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu miisaanka weli u kacay inuu 193 metrik, iyo taangiyada dhibic, iyo xitaa more - ilaa 202 tons. Waqti ka, qaybta hore ee sooctey ayaa laga helay qaabka cusub. Waxaa jiray suurtagalnimada dhaqaaqo saldhigga antenna ka qayb sanka sooctey, kaas oo lagu kordhiyay by 1 mitir. Iyada oo qalab cusub ee navigation diyaaradaha 3M qaban kari waayay qarax wax ku ool ah ka sare sare waqti kasta oo ku hoos jira xaalad kasta.

Sidaas darteed of horumar oo dhan ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in kala duwan ee ugu badan, marka la barbar dhigo nuquladii hore, ayaa kordhay 40%. Iyadoo mid ka mid ah laga gami, taangiyada dhibic oo load a bomb badnaan tiradaasi sii badnayeen 15,000 km. Si aad u furid fog noocan oo kale ah, diyaaradda lahaa in ay ku saabsan 20 saacadood. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray rajo ka mid ah u isticmaalaya sida qarxiyay ah Intercontinental. diyaarad 3M si hufan ahaa mishiinka in markii hore doonayay in la abuuro Myasischev qaadashada on masuuliyad dheeraad ah, iyo oo taageero ka Stalin.

Kale 3M tayo leh oo xiiso leh waa xaqiiqda ah in waxa loo isticmaali karaa sida a toorbiidyo badda long-range. Torpedoes galay complement shaqaalaha ee hubka, laakiin waxa ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa aad u dhif ah. Imtixaanka oo kuwii hore ka fuliyeen doorasho la olloga ah qarxiyay weli at noocooda ah M-4.

3M Merit diyaaradaha

Diyaarad ka dib horumarkii dhawaan la ansixiyay iyo rido-soo-saarka. In 1959, duuliye N. Goryainov iyo Bi Stepanov, wada jir ah ula shaqaalaha ay ku rakiban waxaa 12 diiwaanka dunida. iyaga ka mid ahaa kor u ka xamuul 10-ton si height ah in ka badan 15 kilomitir oo kor u qaada xamuulka 55-ton si height a of 2 kiiloomitir. Shaxan diyaarad World Records yeedhay 201M. Isla sanadkaas, a pilot imtixaanka A. dhegdheg iyo kooxdiisa toddoba record xawaaraha on wadada xidhan, la kala duwan ah loading. Iyada oo miisaanka load of 25 metrik ah, uu horumariyo xawaaraha 1028 km / h. In dukumentiyada rasmiga diyaarad 3M Myasishcheva haddana u yeedhay oo ku kale - 103M.

Marka qarxiyay cusub galay adeega, qayb ka mid ah qoraalkii hore la sii daayay oo ah M-4, kuwaas oo isku khilaafay kaliya warshadda awood daciif ah, ayaa diinta markab.

Dhibaatooyinka in hawlgalka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa cusub

Inkastoo waxqabadka ugu sarreeya, diyaaradda lahaa dhowr ah oo dhibaatooyin. Ugu muhiimsan ee iyaga ka mid ah uu ahaa xaqiiqada ah in waqtiga u dhexeeya overhauls matoorada VD-7 ahaa aad uga yar tahay in of matoorada RD-3M-500A. Sidaa darteed, ujeedada tahay fulinta matoorada dayactirka joogtada ah inta badan ka bedelay. Inkastoo dhibaatooyin la HP-7, on diyaaradaha dhigay kuwa la mid ah RD-3M, taas oo bilaabay la guusha model ah. Iyada oo warshad koronto waxaa la odhan jiray 3ms. Dabcan, iyadoo diyaarad 3M ayaa marka la barbar dhigo muujiyeen natiijooyinkii xumaa, laakiin waxa uu aad uga wanaagsan ay bedelka - version of M-4. Gaar ahaan, iyada oo aan shidaal kaga diyaarad ZMS duuli kari waayeen 9,400 kiilomitir.

Dhibaatooyinka engine ee loo ogolaaday inuu wax ka beddelo horumarinta VD-7b. Si aad u sii dheerayn nolosha engine ah, samaynta ku lahaa si loo yareeyo ay ku riixdaan in heerka ka-RD 3M. Waxa ay ahayd 9500 kgs. Waxaan leenahay inaan qirto in, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in nolosha engine la kordhiyay iyo kordhay dhowr jeer, isagu marnaba gaadhay heerka ugu RD-3M. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guud ahaan, sii daraysa ee astaamaha u dhaxayn, ay sabab u tahay hufnaan geedka xoogga, 15% ka badan 3ms meel fog sii daayo.

Bedelida la matoorada VD-7b yeedhay 3MN. Dusha Way ka duwantahay version goofo kaliya 3ms. On top of surta of VD-7b ayaa mamnuucay godobihii ku Qaddarray for duulduul hawada kulul ayaa uga iman isku tallaalidda ee suunka ay dureereyso dhexdeeda. In duulimaadka, diyaaradaha ayaa sidoo kale is khilaafeen: engine VD-7b tagay raad ah iyo sidoo kale lagu calaamadeeyey qiiq ah.

beddelka Recent

In 1960 yimid beddelid kale oo diyaaradda, taas oo la odhan jiray 3MD. Waxaa kasoo muuqday qalab badan oo horumarsan iyo aerodynamics hagaagtay. Motor hadhay isku mid.

In edition 60-ka mid ah diyaaradaha waxay bilaabeen inay si tartiib ah hoos u, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan joogsatay dhammaantiis. hoggaanka dalka ayaa iska wareejiyay mudnaanta rocketry. Sidaa darteed, mid kale oo ka mid ah beddelka qarax helay motor magaca VD-7P 3ME, hadhay prototypes. matoorada ku riixdaan duushay kordhay 11300 kgs. Baaritaano lagu fuliyay sanadkii 1963. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bulshada weli xusuustaa 3M diyaarada - taariikhda Model aanu halkan ma soo afjaro.

Iyada oo hoos u tiro ka mid ah labo qarax oo istiraatiiji ah, qaar ka mid ah iyaga (3ms version iyo 3MN) ee beddelay booyadaha talla-galay inay. Waxay refueled hawada sida "Tu-95", iyo saamaynta hubaysan diyaaradaha 3M haray. Shidaal 3M, sidaas, bedelay version ka mid ah M-4-2. Laakiin, dhab ahaantii, waxa uu ahaa oo dhan mishiinka mid, kaliya la matoorrada kala duwan oo isgaarsiinta la xiriira.

dhibaatooyinka gaadiidka

In the 70s goor dambe waxaa loo baahnaa in unugyada gaadiidka dhismaha gantaal cusub la warshadaha ee ku cosmodrome Baikonur. Sababo la size badan, miisaanka oo meel fog gaadiidka hufan, ma jiro oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee conveyor ma xallin karo dhibaato this. Tusaale ahaan, bartamaha Launcher taangiga ahaa dhererka 40 iyo width - 8 mitir. B. Myasischev waaniyey naftiisa oo wuxuu u bixiyey si ay ugu rarataan culaysyo on sooctey uu is qarxiyay. diyaarad 3M waqti in mar hore ayaa laga soo saarey suuqa, wuxuuna ahaa Myasischev ah naqshadeeye sare socodaan 1967 OKB. In 1978 wuxuu qaatay soo jeedinta. Marka Vladimir dhintay (October 14, 1978), shuqulkiisa ayaa la sii by V. Fedotov.

Si aan dib u dhigto horumarinta, dhismaha iyo imtixaanka ee side diyaaradda, saddex Markab ayaa la xushay. Waxay isla markiiba soo diray, waayo, iyagoo jirrabaya si ay u aqoonsadaan liito. Sidaas darteed, diyaaradda helay qaab dhismeedka cusub oo guddi cusub ee sooctey. Tailpiece habeyn iyo kordhiyay by 7 mitir. ruxmadaa The jiray laba iyo guushu. Tiro ka mid ah nidaamka iyo kiniisadood ayaa la soo hagaagtay ama bedelay. On diyaaradaha saaray matoorada awood badan VD-7m la afterburner saaro, riixdaan oo gaaray 11,000 kgs. The matoorada mid ah, laakiin la afterburner, rakibay on "Tu-22", si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar hore ayaa la soo saaray.

Sidaas darteed, waxaa la horumariyo shan gaadmada ah xambaara dayuuradaha, mid kasta oo taas oo, ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka firfircoon oo diyaarad gaar ah, loogu talagalay alaabtii miisaan gaar ah. Habka loo yaqaan-3M T. Mid ka mid ah saddex diyaaradda dhisay lagu wareejiyay TsAGI baaritaanka ma guurto ah. A dheeraad ah qalabaysan laga gami kale ul.

In 1980, diyaarad gaadiidka 3M-T markii ugu horaysay la kiciyey samada. A pilot imtixaanka Kucherenko horeysay gaadiid alaabo ah isaga on 6 January ee sanadka soo socda. Diyaarad Ka dibna waxa loo baxshay "Atlas ZM-T." On the gaadiidlayda ee taxanaha ah waxaa la qaadaa in ka badan 150 alaab at Baikonur. Waxay u guuray oo dhan qeybo badan oo ka kaxeynayo "Energy" iyo "Bhutan". 3M Commercial Diyaaradaha, photos of taas oo isku mar loo aqoonsaday by dhan, si joogto ah u muujiyey at xafladaha cayn kasta oo ah diyaaradaha, oo ay ku jiraan at show hawada ee 1992 ka.

Ugu dambeyntii waxaa xusid mudan in diyaaradda "Tu-134A-3M", taas oo mararka qaar lagu wareero oo la geesiga sheekada sababta oo ah "3M" index magaca Ilaaheenna, ma la xiriirta in ay ma yihiin. Oo dhan "Tu-134" - rakaabka. Diyaarad A "Tu-134A-3M" iyo falaa waa VIP-version ah wax ka bedelidii of 134SKH beeraha.

gunaanad

In 2003, sannad-guuradii 50-aad ee M-4 diyaarad duulimaad ugu horeysay, oo ahaa curadkii ee qoyska ka mid ah qarxiyayaal Soviet. Waxa la yaab leh, diyaaradaha model 3M ayaa weli laga helay cutubyo dagaal Ciidamada Cirka. Waxaan kaliya u baahan tahay si ay u bogi tayada ee samaynta kuwaas oo ay maareeyeen in sannadaha adag post-dagaal si ay u dhisaan farsamo, isagoo sida laga yaabo in xoog badan.