Zr:-soo-saarka ee Russia

Zirconium foomka hoose waa bir silvery cad, kuna waari dhexdeeda guryaha sifooyin dhowr ah sida iska caabin ah daxalka iyo plasticity. In dabiiciga ah, waa wax caadi ah, laakiin sidoo kale aad u kala firdhiyey. Its kayd badan oo wali aan la helay. Markii ugu horeysay waxaa macquul ah jiritaanka dadka biraha this bartay 1789, markaas farmashiyaha a M. Klaproth inta lagu guda jiro waxbarasho ee xabagta zircon macdanta filaan ah u furay. In foomka saafi ah, biraha this helay kaliya ee 1925 zirconium In dunida casriga ah, taas oo ah wax soo saarka baahsan, loo isticmaalo warshadaha kala duwan. Dabcan, ku hawlan wax soo saarka iyo ganacsiga badan gudaha.

sharaxaad guud

guryaha aan caadi ahayn - waa waxa ugu horayn waxa uu go'aamiyo qiimaha warshadaha ee sida bir dhif sida zirconium. Its saarka ahaa waxtar u leh dhaqaalaha dalka iyada oo loo marayo:

1. degree sare ee iska caabin ah kiimikada. Hydrochloric acid on biraha uusan gabi ahaanba soo saaro saameyn ah kuma laha, oo waxay ku sameynayso la sulfuric oo keliya marka ay fiirsashada ma aha in ka yar 50% iyo heerkul ah in ka badan 100 darajo.

2. Awoodda in ay hawada ku gubi shiidaa ma qiiq ama qiiqa. Degna u guban zirconium (ee aad u wanaagsan) waxaa laga yaabaa in heerkulka a of 250 C.

3. inertness Biological. Zirconium ayaa gebihaanba ma jirto saamaynta waxyeello on dad ama xayawaan ah. Faa'iidooyinka, lid ku ah aaminsan caanka ah, waxaa la, nasiib darro, sidoo kale ma ma dhali karo.

Aad loo jecel yahay in industry ee ma aha oo kaliya ee biraha, laakiin sidoo kale ay xiriir. zircon Macdanta, tusaale ahaan, waxa uu leeyahay qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed aad u dheer iyo luster adamantine ka farxiya. Sidaa darteed, waxaa mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalo sida bedel ah oo raqiis ah, waayo, diamond. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadihii la soo dhaafay in zircon dahabka waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax ka yar iyo wax ka yar. Currently more Yururb dheeman ah zirconia cubic (zirconium dioxide, macmal ah) lagu sameeyo.

halkaas oo loo isticmaalo

wax soo saarka zirconium taariikhda - mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga birta ah. Inkasta oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa meelo badan oo dhaqaalaha (tusaale ahaan, waayo, soo saaridda oo ah alaabta caafimaadka ama qalabka pyrotechnic), oo intaa ka badan ayaa loo isticmaalaa oo dhan isku mid ah ee tigoodu awood biyo-qaboojiyey ee Quwadda Nuclearka.

alaabta ceeriin for-soo-saarka

jajab Mass of zirconium in qolof dhulka ee ay sabab u tahay inuu maskax maqan, nasiib darro, aan weli la aasaasay. Seynisyahanno qiyaaso waxay noqon kartaa 170-250 garaam halkii ton. Dhab ahaantii macdanta waxay isku zircon ee dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira dad badan. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, saynisyahano ogaato oo ku saabsan 40-duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan la isticmaalo weli waa kaliya ka dib markii wax xumu soo saarka ee zirconium:

• baddeleyite;

• eudialite;

• Zircon.

kayd badan oo zircon ee dunida, sida ku xusan, in aanu jirin. In Russia, waxaa jira oo kaliya dhowr ah kayd yar oo ah macdanta oo kale. waxay sidoo kale waxaa miino dalalka sida USA, India, Brazil iyo Australia. The ugu badan ee macdanta loo isticmaalo diyaarinta zirconium oo dhan waa, dabcan, zircon (ZrSiO4). Xaaladaha intooda badan, waxaa ku weheliyay nooca hafnium.

wax soo saarka zirconium ee Russia: muuqaalada

In Russia, sii daayo biraha this ayaa hadda ku hawlan hal shirkad kaliya - Chepetsk Farsamada Plant, oo ku yaalla Glazov (Udmurtia). Dukaankiisa ugu horeysay waxaa la dhisay bilowgii dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka. By 1942, geedka gaaray awoodda buuxda. Inkasta oo halkan inta badan soo saartaa gulufyadii. In 1946 shirkadda beddelmay in wax soo saarka ee warshad birta uranium. Later (1957) waxaa bilaabay in ay soo saaraan zirconium, markaas ayaa Biraha superconducting, calcium iyo titanium. Maanta, geedka waa qayb ka mid ah Corporation TVEL, oo hoggaamiye caalami ah ee wax soo saarka shidaalka nuclear. Investment in wax soo saarka ee zirconium ee CMP ah by balaayiin TVEL of rubles sannad kasta. Maanta, sahay warshad in suuqyada gudaha iyo dunida zirconium:

• qataarro,

• qataarro,

• qasabadaha,

• silig,

• go'yaal;

• qaybaha kiniisadaha oo shidaalka iyo xubno shidaalka.

Sidoo kale dhirta farsamo Chepetsky la soo saaray ka qadiin ah biraha this.

Processing iyo diyaarinta xal acidic cayriin

Zirconium, kuwaas oo-soo-saarka - geedi socod adag, biraha waa si caddaalad ah u qaali ah. taas oo ka dhigaysa bilaabataa nadiifinta samatabbixiyey kayd, ore. Qiimeyntu alaabta ceeriin sida caadiga ah ku lug leedahay tallaabooyinka soo socda:

• habka kobcinta gravitational;

• shancosbitaal nadiifinta helay soociddiisa electrostatic iyo magnetic;

• shancosbitaal daatay by isuga koloriin la hydroxide sodium ama fluorosilicate potassium, sintering of liin,

• leaching biyo si meesha looga saaro xeryahooda Silicon;

• hadhay daatay ee sulfuric ama Aashito si ay u sameeyaan sulphate ama oxychloride.

Spec fluorosilicate daaweeyaa biyo acidified leh kululaynta. Ka dib markii qaboojinta xalka keentay of potassium fluorozirconate qoondeeyey.

xiriir

Zirconium talaabo wax soo saarka ee soo socda waa in la helo xeryahooda ay ka xal acid. Ujeedada this waxaa loo isticmaali karaa farsamooyinka soo socda:

• crystallization of oxychloride zirconium by uumi of xal acid Hydrochloric;

• roobab hydrolytic of sulfates;

• crystallization of zirconium sulfate.

Ka kaxaynta hafnium

Zirconium, technology-soo-saarka ee Russia (sida, runtii, meelo kale oo adduunka ah) tahay mid adag by nijaas, waa in ay daruuri tahay in la kala. Isdaahirinta bir hafnium loo isticmaali karaa:

• crystallization jajab K2ZrF6;

• fiirsato dareeraha;

• tetrachloride hoos u xushay (HfCl4 iyo ZrCl4).

Sida biraha laftiisa diyaariyey

Hababka Production Zirconium way kala duwan yihiin. In warshadaha, biraha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa:

• sida budada ah ama geed isbonji la,

• isafgaradka malleable;

• gob Ehelkeedu.

Bilowga hore shirkadaha ka helaan zirconium particulate. Production ay teknoolajiyada fudud. Waxaa la sameeyey by yareynta metallothermic. Waayo, chlorides la sodium ama magnesium waxaa loo isticmaalaa, iyo xabagta - hydride calcium. budo zirconium Electrolytic ka chlorides biraha alkali diyaariyey. wax Sayidka soo saaray waxaa badanaa lagu tuujiyey. Dheeraad ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa Foornooyinka arc korontada zirconium ductile. Last ee wareega ugu danbeeya waxaa la hoos geliyey electron barafku dogob. Natiijadu waxay tahay zirconium ah khayroon daahirnimo sare. Waxa loogu adeegsaday in tigoodu nuclear.

Zirconia: Adeegyada technology-soo-saarka iyo isticmaalka

Tani waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan ee warshadaha iyo xeryahooda zirconium dhaqaalaha qaranka. In dabiiciga ah waxaa dhacda sida baddeleyite macdanta. Waxay ka dhigan tahay zirconia budo cad crystalline la towns a cawl ama hurdi. Waxaa la-macmalay karo, tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la isticmaalayo habka of turxaan iodide. Isla mar ahaantaana sida wax xumu loo isticmaalo by chips biraha zirconium caadiga ah. D. Khusayso in soo saaridda of dhoobada zirconia (oo ay ku jiraan berrinkii aalka), qalabka nalalka, iyo refractories, in pechestroitelstve iyo t.

Kaydka ee zircon ee Ruushka

wax soo saarka zirconium in Russia waa suurto gal, dabcan, oo keliya ay sabab u tahay joogitaanka on dhulkeeda ka mid ah kayd ay. Ore waxay meel kooxdan ee Russia (marka la barbardhigo caalamka) waa ku filan oo waaweyn. Waqtigan xaadirka ah waxaa jira 11 beeraha sida ee Russia. mid ka mid ah ugu weyn ee dabacsan waa Central, oo ku yaalla gobolka Tambov ah. The beeraha ugu wanaagsan ayaa haatan ka mid ah Beshpagirskoe (Stavropol Territory), Kirsanov (gobolka Tambov) iyo Horde ah (Novosibirsk). Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in kaydka laga heli karaa Russia zircons ku filan si ay u daboolaan baahida warshadaha ee dalka. The site teknoolajiyada wanaagsan ugu hadda waa deposit Bariga Dhexe.

tirakoobka

Sayidka, nidaamka this for dal kasta, oo ay ku jiraan in Russia, waxaa aad u muhiim ah - saarka zirconium. soo saarta technology waa adag, laakiin ay sii daayo - waa kiis kasta in ka badan cudur daar. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, zirconium waa kaliya dhif ah biraha, soo saarka iyo isticmaalka Muga taas oo boqollaal kun oo metric. Russia juunyeerka ay kaalinta afaraad ee dunida. khayraadka dhismayaasha iyo tayo salka of zirconium ee dalka waa mid aad u kala duwan oo ka yimid dibada. In ka badan 50% ka mid ah ore ee kooxda xiriirka la leh RF ah granites xumadoodu, 35% - oo leh rutile-zircon iyo macdanta ilmenayt placers 14% - ka kamaforitami baddeleyite. Abroad, ku dhowaad dhammaan kaydka macdanta sida ayaa ku urursan dhulalka badda xeebaha.

halkii ay ka gunaanad

Sidaas awgeed, waxaan is tusay sida loo soo saaro zirconium ee Russia. On suuqa caalamiga ah ee maanta, nasiib daro, waxaa jiray arrin yaraanta ba'an ee birta this. Sidaa darteed, ku tiirsan yihiin Ruush keeno ay muhiim ma aha. Oo sidaas daraaddeed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay bixiso horumarinta kayd u gaar ah fiiro ugu badnaan. Isla mar ahaantaana si loo xoojiyo saldhigga khayraadka ee zirconium in Federation Ruush waa in sidoo kale qaataan horumarinta farsamooyinka ugu wanaagsan ee isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin soo bixiyay.