Yuu yahay duqa karraaniga?

Zemsky headman - horyaalka asalka ah, oo noqday kuwa loo yaqaan dalka reer Russia tan iyo qarnigii 16aad. ah ee noocan ah ee ka tirsan si toos ah loola xiriirinayay in ay dib u habayn ah dawlada hoose. horumarinta dheeraad ah oo hay'adaha kuwaas gudashada xuquuqda iyo waajibaadka odayaasha Zemsky kuwaas oo sii waday in ay ku shaqeeyaan ilaa 1917. In kasta oo dhammaan isku dayadii liberalizirvoat maamullada maxalliga ah, ay weli ka shaqeeya jidkii hore. Maxaad ka dhacay? Isku day inaad si ay u fahmaan.

qadiimiga rus

post Tani ayaa loo yaqaan tan iyo wakhtigii Kievan rus. Iyada oo si firfircoon uga odayaashii reer miyiga ah, ay yihiin addoomo isla princely iyo addoommadaada oo aamin ah, by Prince ama taageerayaashiisa ugu dhow loo doortay inuu hanuuniyo fasalada hoose. Sharciyada Yaroslava Mudrogo gudbiyo odayaashii reer miyiga iyo rataynye. Midkii kowaad wuxuu ku lug dadka reer miyiga ah oo ka mid ah xaafadaha princely, Dirirta burburnin, dhaaranay, canshuurta laga soo ururiyey. Arintaan waxay ahaayeen mas'uul ka ah arrimaha dalka, dood ku saabsan bulshada iyo beero patrimonial, xanuunada hanti kala duwan ah. Later, Machadka sare u guuray dhulka madaxda waqooyi-bari.

Reform of Ivana Groznogo

Muddo dheer odayaashii labial iyo reer miyiga waxaa loo doortay by amar ah amiirka. In nuxurka saameyn ah kuma laha dadka deegaanka, iyagoo aan weli la siiyo, iyo dadka ku yimid habka of jabsata Tatar: fuulay, ururiyey, lagu kaxaystay. Inkasta oo ay jiray ee la baray inay dhawraan si meelaha ugu fog dalalka Ruushka, waajibaadkooda ay ka meermeerayo sameeyaa. kibir wayn iyo musuqmaasuqa ka adkaaday meel walba, oo aan ahaa ku potentates maxaliga ah mana golaha, mana ka xoogbadan. Waxay qaadatay doonista birta ah hal taliye in ay jebiyaan nidaamka hadda jira iyo horumarinta mabda'a cusub ee hawlaha maamulka gudaha.

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivana Groznogo waxaa jiray baahi degdeg ah oo ay si buuxda u habayn nidaamka maamul ee gobolka Ruush. set A caadiga ah ee shuruucda, ku xidhan geeddi-socodka siyaasadda, la siiyey magaca dibuhabaynta dawladda hoose. Sababta ugu weyn ee ay dhacdo ahaa baahida loo qabo in la baabi'iyo quudinta ee loo yaqaan - relic ah shinka wakhtiyadii hore, taas oo soo booqda siiyey saraakiisha xaq ay ku noolaan lahayd dakhliga (ie feed) deegaanka qaarkood. Halkii Abaal Marintooda Sugan dabiiciga ah la soo bandhigay nidaamka maalgelinta iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kaashka si toos ah gacanta dawladda.

Stoglavy Cathedral

In 1551 golaha Stoglavy siiyey iftiin cagaaran si hirgelinta shahaadooyinka County idman ah, sida laga soo xigtay oo gebi ahaanba tirtiro hay'adda of xigeenadiisa. Halkii soo magacawday dhammaan daafaha gobolka Ruush noqday hoose loo soo doortay headman Zemsky. Amarkii boqortooyo oo ah 1555 amray inay kansasho quudinta iyo sameeyaan doorashooyin ka mid ah saraakiisha degaanka. Xarumaha ugu muhiimsan ee maamulka deegaanka bilaabay buulasha log Zemsky, kaas oo wakiil laanta fulinta. Si buuxda u edeb garsoorka iyo nidaamka maamul, oo firfircoon ee waayeelladii reer miyiga hoos Ivan u Xun waxaa la siiyey xuquuq cusub iyo awoodaha.

odayaasha Career Zemsky

Diinta maamulka deegaanka si buuxda u bedelay profile ee nidaamka maamul ee boqortooyada Ruush. Zemsky headman bilaabeen inay leeyihiin tiro balaadhan oo ah awoodaha. In uu ku yiil barxado kala Local, si ay u fahmaan kiisaska madaniga ah oo keliya ma aha, laakiin sidoo kale xadgudubyada yaryar dembiyada ee sharciga. Gaar ahaan fal-dembiyeed-profile sare si gooni gooni ah kula macaamiloodeen. Elder ku lug leh dhibaatooyinka qabyada ah dadka, xakameeyo fasalada hoose iyo ururinta canshuuraha. nooca ugu weyn ee canshuurta ahaa "naxariis pososhnoy", taas oo loo baahna in lagu bixiyo dadka qaangaarka ah oo lab ah oo dhan ee dalka. lacag Tani badalay namestnichy ka dhacsan. Money bilaabay inuu khasnadda boqornimada si toos ah qulquli, oo halkaas ka bixiso masruufka in saraakiisha degaanka iyo hantidhawrka booqanaya.

oday Zemsky istaagay at the buulasha log madaxa Zemsky. Wuxuu dhibaatooyinka isticmaalka dhulka la wadaago macaamiloodeen, entries ee canshuurta, ururinta iyo qaybinta cashuurta dawladdu leedahay oo qabta hawlo kale. Haddii sabab uun headman ku labial ma qabtaan xilkiisa ama aan la doortay, iyo waajibaadka kuwaas waxaa mas'uul ka ah madaxa buulasha log Zemsky. Xaaladdan oo kale, oday karraaniga kormeero booliska dadweynaha, gacanta hawlgalka sudeek zemskih, karaaniyaal zemskih iyo Tselovalnikov.

The doorashada iyo gacan ku haynta

Musharaxa for this meel weyn oo ka mid ah dadka deegaanka ugu saameynta badan oo qani ah loo doortay. Iyadoo set wanaagsan xaaladaha uu diyaar ah saraakiisha mustaqbalkiisa caasimadda, iyo boyars ah. Dabcan, gobta badan oo yar yar damcay inuu mustaqbalkiisa noocan oo kale ah ka dhigi. Zemsky headman loo doortay meel, oo si toos ah u jideeyey, in ay amarka dhexe, mas'uul ka ah degmooyinka ku xeeran. Muddada uu socday muddo hal ilaa laba sano. Oo ay la socoto dib-u-doorashada ayaa dib loo eegay oo dhan buulasha log Zemsky gobolka. The headman ugu caansan Zemsky ahaa Alexander Minin.

In 1699, buulasha log Zemsky la mid ah golayaasha deegaanka ee magaalooyinka yar yar Yurub. headman Zemsky noqday duqa la ballaariyo weyn ee kala duwan ee xilalka ay. Laakiin qaybo ka fog oo Empire Ruush ah, foomka ugu da'da weyn ee dawlada hoose waxaa ka dibna. habeynta kale ee hay'adaha dawladda hoose ku qaatay 1719.

dib u habaynta gobolka

Isbeddelka ku dawladdii dhexe laba qarniyo (ka 16 ee qarnigii 18aad.) Ahaayeen wareegsan oo aan nidaamka qof. Peter isku dayeen in ay maamul cufan Ruush siiyo noocyada ilbaxnimada Yurub. Dabcan, oo innaba kuwaas oo ah isku-filnaanshaha oo ka mid ah Yurub masuuliyiinta maxalliga ah waxa aan ahaa halkii dayashada ee habka Swedish dawladda, laakiin dhab ahaantii awood oo dhan ayaa waxaa weli ku urursan gacmaha boqorka soo magacawday. odayaasha Labial iyo miyiga u muuqdaan in ay la doortay on dhulka, laakiin si ay u ansixiyaan in booska loo baahan yahay amar gaar ah boqorka.

Waa maxay sababta ma shaqeeyaan?

Dawladaha City ayaa edeb model Sweden laakiin aqal zemstvo miyiga ka meermeerayo koreen oo tabo cusub. Ugu horayn, oo intaasu waxay ahayd sabab la'aanta ah ee dadka wax bartay iyo xaafadaha ku xayiraad adag xaq uma laha in ay qabtaan xafiiska doorashada ee fasalka qabyada ah. Sidaa darteed, shaqaalaha maamulka cusub ee maxalliga ah ayaa barbaro ka karaaniyaal jir iyo Podyachev, oo aan oo aan habayn laga yaabaa karaan hawsha ay qaab siiyey. Sidaa darteed, dib u habaynta Peter ee is-dawladda hoose ma guteen waajibaadkooda ay, oo waxay noqdeen keliya hortegi lahaa ku-maroorsi ah xorriyaadka European jira.