Xeryahooda nitrogen. sifooyinka nitrogen

Dhalmada in amooniyam - sida laga erayga Laatiin Nitrogenium turjumay. badideed nitrogen - element kiimikada la tiro qaaradda of 7, group-aad madaxa 15 ee version dheer ee miiska wareegsan. In foomka oo ah walaxda fudud ka kooban dhulka qaybiyey bacda hawada - jawiga. kala duwan oo ka mid ah xeryahooda nitrogen laga helay qolof ah dhulka, iyo noolaha hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa warshadaha, military, beeraha iyo daawo.

Waa maxay sababta loo yaqaan nitrogen "naxsan" iyo "Noolayn"

Sida taariikhyahanadu ee kimistari soo jeedinaynaa in ugu horeysay helay walax this fudud Henry Cavendish (1777). Sayniska maraa hawada ka badan dhuxul kulul nuugista of alaabta falcelinta la isticmaalayo alkali. Sidaas darteed of cilmi-aragnimo laga helay gaaska midab iyo ur, dhuxusha unreacted. Cavendish u bixiyey "hawada suffocating" waayo awood la'aanta in loo ilaaliyo neefsashada iyo sari.

Modern Kiimikada lagu sharxay in ogsijiin waxaa ka jawaabay dhuxusha, carbon dioxide waxaa la aasaasay. The haray "dulfuulan" hawada ahayd qaybta ugu badan ee u taagoo ee N _2. Cavendish iyo aqoonyahanno kale waqtiga oo ku saabsan arrintaan aan weli la yaqaan, inkasta oo xeryahooda nitrogen iyo amooniyam markaas ayaa la si weyn u isticmaala dhaqaalaha. saynisyahan ayaa u sheegay oo ku saabsan gaaska aan caadi ahayn in jaalle ah si ay u qabtaan tijaabo la mid ah - Joseph Priestley.

Isla mar ahaantaana Carl Scheele ay soo jiidatay inay qayb ka ah oo aan la garaneyn oo hawada, laakiin ku guuldareystay inuu si fiican u sharaxdo ay asal ahaan. Kaliya Daniel Rutherford ee 1772 ogaaday in tijaabo la joogo "suffocating" "dhaceen," gaaska - nitrogen. saynisyahano Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in ay discoverer - weli waa ka doodista taariikhyahanadu sayniska.

15 sano ka dib tijaabo Rutherford ee farmashiyaha caanka Antuan Lavuaze soo jeediyay in lagu badalo hawada ereyga "dhaceen," waxaa loola jeedaa nitrogen, on the kale - Nitrogenium. By waqtiga waxaa lagu cadeeyay in walax this ma gubi, ma taageeri neefsashada. Markaasaa waxaa u Ruush magaca "nitrogen", kaas oo la fasiro siyaabo kala duwan. Inta badan waxay sheegeen in ereyga macnihiisu waa "nolol la'aan". waxbarashada Xiga ayaa beeniyay aaminsan baahsan oo ku saabsan sifooyinka walxaha. xeryahooda nitrogen - borotiin ah - macromolecules waaweyn ee halabuurka ah ee noolaha. Si loo dhiso dhirta u nuugo ka canaasiirta nafaqada macdanta ciidda loo baahan yahay - ^2- udhigo NO ₃ iyo NH ^4+.

Nitrogen - element a kiimikada

Si loo fahmo qaabka qaaradda iyo guryaha caawisaa nidaamka wareegsan (PS). booska uu ka element ah kiimikada ee miiska wareegsan u qeexi karaan lacag nuclear, tirada protons iyo neutrons (tirada mass). Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay bixiyaan qiimaha of mass ee qaaradda fiiro - taasi waa mid ka mid ah sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee element ah. muddo, tirada dhiganta tirada heerka tamarta. version The gaaban tirada miiska Group ku wareegsan u dhiganta tirada electrons in heerka dibadda energaticheskom. Koobaya xogta in sifooyinka guud ee nitrogen ay booska nidaamka wareegsan,

• Tani waa element non-macdan ah waa in geeska sare ee midigta ah SS ah.
• Astaanta Chemical: N.
• Tirada Property: 7.
• mass Qaraabo qaaradda: 14,0067.
• Formula xeryahooda hydrogen kacsan: NH ₃ (ammonia).
• Foomamka N sare xabagta ₂ O _5, kaas oo si siman u valency ee V. nitrogen

Qaab dhismeedka eb nitrogen:

• lacag nuclear +7.
• Tirada protons: 7; tirada neutrons: 7.
• Number of Heerarka Energy: 2.
• Tirada guud ee electrons: 7; e formula: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Details bartay isotopes deggan № element 7, tirada mass ay - 14 iyo 15. content ee ah atamka light of taas oo ah 99,64%. nuclei ee isotope radioactive muddo gaaban sidoo kale waa 7 protons, iyo tirada neutrons buu u kala duwan: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen ee dabiiciga ah

Iyadoo qayb ka ah u taagoo hawada joogaan dhulka galkeeda walax fudud, kuwaas oo formula - N _2. content ee gaaska nitrogen in jawiga ay ku saabsan tahay 78,1% mugga. xeryahooda ka imanba ee element kiimikada ee dhulka udubyadiisa - kala duwan ee cusbada ammonium iyo Nitrate (niter). Xeryahooda oo ka mid ah caanaha iyo magacyada qaar ka mid ah walxaha ugu muhiimsan:

• NH _3, ammonia.
• NO dioxide _2, nitrogen.
• Nano ₃ amooniyam Sodium.
• (NH _{4) 2} SO _4, ammonium sulfate.

valence The of nitrogen ee dambe laba xeryahooda - IV. Dhuxul, ciidda, ku nool noolaha ayaa sidoo kale ku jira atamka N qaab xidhxidhan. Nitrogen waa qayb ka mid ah amino acids macromolecules, DNA iyo RNA nucleotides, hormoonada iyo unugga. content guud ee element ah kiimikada jidhka bini'aadamka gaaro 2.5%.

walax fudud

Nitrogen qaab taagoo diatomic - mugga ugu weyn iyo miisaanka hawada jawiga. Maandooriyaha, kuwaas oo formula waa N _2, ma laha ur, midab iyo dhadhan. gaaska Tani waa ka badan 2/3 dhulka hawada galkeeda. nitrogen The dareere waa walax midab, biyaha u eg. Booguhu heerkulka a of -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. yara fudud walax fudud oxygen, nitrogen, hawada, ay cufnaanta ku dhow yahay inuu 1.

atamka ee xidho ee Britain ayaa si adag 3 wadaago lammaane electron. Xarunta muujinayaa iska caabin sare kiimikada, kaas oo kala ka oxygen iyo waxyaabaha kale ee gaseous. Si Britain nitrogen la kala atamka ay dastuurka loo baahan yahay in ay arsaaqa tamar 942,9 KJ / mol. Contact oo ka mid ah saddex lammaane oo electrons waa mid aad u xoog badan, wuxuu bilaabaa inuu dumin markii kululeeyo kor 2000 ° C.

ficil ahaan ma dhici hoos jira xaalad caadi ah, dissociation ee u taagoo galay atamka. inertness Chemical ayaa sidoo kale sababa nitrogen maqnaanshaha dhamaystiran oo polarity ee ay Britain. Waxay la macaamilaan aad u imaanshada kasta oo kale, oon ka shaqeeya gobolka gaseous arrinta cadaadiska caadiga ah iyo heerkulka ku dhow heerkulka qolka. dhaqdhaqaaqa kiimikada Low of nitrogen kelli waxaa loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodka iyo qalabka kala duwan halkaas oo ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la abuuro jawi inert.

Dissociation ee u taagoo N ₂ laga yaabaa inuu dhaco sarkhaansan yihiin shucaaca qoraxda jawi sare. nitrogen Atoomikada waxaa la aasaasay, taas oo ay sameynayso la Biraha qaarkood iyo nonmetals ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah (fosfooraska, baaruud, arsenic). Natiijadu waxay tahay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee xaaladaha dhulka walxaha isagoo helay dadban.

valency nitrogen

The qolof electron sare ee la eb foomka 2 s 3 iyo p electron ah. Kuwani nitrogen xun ku siin karaa qayb marka waxyaabaha kale ee u dhigma hantida yareeyo lalana. Jaarka octet ka maqan ilaa 3 electron eb muujinayaa awoodda murqo. nitrogen Electronegativity hoos guryaha macdan ah ay yihiin wax ka yar fahmayaan yahay kii fluorine, ogsijiin iyo chlorine. Marka waxyaabaha kiimikada kuwan lalana nitrogen siinayaa electrons (oxidize). Dhimista in udhigo negative raacay by reaction la biraha kale oo nonmetals.

valence nitrogen caadiga ah - III. Xaaladdan oo kale, silsiladihii kiimiko loo sameeyay by the p-jiidashada dibadda ee electrons iyo abuurista caadi isasaaray (sugan) Labada ciyaaryahan. Nitrogen waa awood u sameynta bond deeq-aqbalana ay sabab u tahay labada ciyaaryahan kaliya ee electrons, sida waa ammonium ku ra'iyi NH ^4+.

Helitaanka ee shaybaarka iyo warshadaha

Hababka One shaybaarka ku salaysan guryaha oxidative ee xabagta copper. Isticmaal xarunta nitrogen la hydrogen - ammonia NH _3. Tani urin vzaimoddeystvuet gaaska xun leh budada madow xabagta copper. reaction keentay saarta nitrogen iyo muuqataa copper macdan ah (budo casaan). Shubo on darbiyada tuubada waterdrops - wax soo saarka kale oo fal-celin.

Hab kale oo shaybaarka isticmaala xarunta nitrogen la biraha a - azide, tusaale ahaan NAN _3. Helay by gaaska ah oo aan u baahan tahay ma in la nadiifiyaa ka soo sunta.

shaybaarka waxaa kala daatay ee nitrite ammonium kaxaystay nitrogen iyo biyaha. Si aad u bilowdo falcelinta, kululaynta loo baahan yahay, markaa geedi socodkii ka soo baxa la horumar kulaylka (gube). Nitrogen waxaa la wasakheysan ama wata nijaasta ahaa, sidaas darteed waxaa loo nadiifiyaa oo la engejiyey.

Diyaarinta nitrogen ah in industry ee:

• muxaadaro jajab hawada oo dareere ah - hab, kaas oo isticmaala guryaha jirka ah ee nitrogen iyo oxygen (dhibic kala duwan karaya);
• reaction kiimikada hawada la dhuxul kulul,
• separation gaaska adsorptive.

Dhexgalka Biraha iyo hydrogen - guryaha oksidheeyeyaal

Tiiro taagoo raagaya ma ogola in qaar ka mid ah Avv toos ah xeryahooda nitrogen. Si aad u dhaqaajiso atamka lagama maarmaanka u ah kululaynta xoog leh ama walax cindiga. Nitrogen dhici karta inay lithium heerkulka qolka, la magnesium, calcium iyo sodium, dareen-celin ka soo baxa oo keliya by kululaynta. nitrides biraha dhiganta loo sameeyay.

The dhexgalka of nitrogen la hydrogen qaadataa meel heerkulka sare iyo cadaadis. Sidoo kale habkan u baahan yahay Hannaan ah. Ammonia helay - mid ka mid ah ereygu wuxuu kiimikada ugu muhiimsan. Nitrogen, sida wakiilka ah oksidheeyeyaal ah, ayaa muujinaya in saddex negative dalalka qayilo ay:

• 3 (ammonia iyo nitrogen kale xeryahooda, hydrogen - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

Ugu muhiimsan nitride - ammonia - diyaariyey in tiro badan in industry. Dhibaatada ugu weyn ee ka muddo dheer ku hadhay inertness ee kiimikada ee nitrogen. Ilo Its of alaabta ceeriin ahaayeen amooniyam, laakiin kaydka macdanta waxay bilaabeen inay si degdeg ah hoos u leh koritaanka of-soo-saarka.

Waxa ugu weyn ee sayniska kiimikada iyo dhaqanka ayaa abuurista farsamo u qardarin nitrogen ammonia on scale warshadaha. In columns gaar ah waa by Avv toos ah - geedi karo dhexeeya nitrogen ka soo hawada iyo hydrogen helay. Marka la abuuro xaalado aan fiicnayn, isbeddelka hoganaya ee dareen-celin si ay dhinaca wax soo saarka ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhalidda ammonia Hannaan waa 97%.

Dhexgalka oxygen - yaraynta guryaha

In si ay u bilaabaan falcelinta of nitrogen iyo oxygen, waa in ay ahaadaan kululaynta xoog leh. Hanti tamar ku filan qaanso korontada iyo dheecaan hillaac in jawi. The xeryahooda ka imanba ugu muhiimsan kaas oo nitrogen uu yahay in dalalka qayilo wanaagsan ay:

• 1 (xabagta nitrogen (I) N ₂ O);
• +2 (NO of monoxide nitrogen);
• 3 (xabagta nitrogen (III) N ₂ O _3, HNO ₂ nitrus acid, cusbada nitrite oo dhanba);
• 4 (nitrogen dioxide (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (pentoxide nitrogen (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitric acid, Nitrate).

Qiimaha si dabiici ah ka dhaca

Geedaha nuugo udhigo ammonium iyo anions amooniyam ciidda loo isticmaalo ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee falgalka kiimikada ah u taagoo organic in unugyada si joogto ah ordaya. bakteeriyada nodule nitrogen Hawada milmi karaan - hay'adaha cqaadir la xirrira qanjira on xididdada digiraha. Sidaas darteed, kooxdan oo ah dhirta helay baateri loo baahnaa, waxa ay kobcinaysaa ciidda.

Inta lagu jiro duufaan kulaylaha dhici reaction qayilo of nitrogen atmosfeerta. oxides waxaa kala diri si ay u sameeyaan acids, kuwaas oo xeryahooda of nitrogen galaan ciidda biyaha. Sababo la wareegga ah ee xubno ka ee dabiiciga ah si joogto ah, aamusa kaydka ah ee qolof dhulka ee, hawada. taagoo organic Complex ka kooban nitrogen in ay ka kooban, waxaa Dullaysane bakteeriyada saabsan qaybaha imanba.

isticmaalka wax ku ool ah

The xeryahooda ugu muhiimsan nitrogen beeraha - cusbo aad u milma. Nuugo by dhirta HOL amooniyam (sodium, potassium, calcium), xeryahooda ammonium (biyo ammonia, chloride, sulfate, amooniyam).
Inert guryaha nitrogen dhirta awood u nuugo ka soo hogaanka ka baxsan si ay u baahan si uu u sameeyo qaadasho weyn oo sanad walba Nitrate. Qaybo ka mid ah u shaqeeyo warshadda ay awoodaan in ay ku kaydiso awood macrocell "mustaqbalka", taas oo hoos tayada sheyga. Excess Nitrate ee khudaarta iyo miraha keeni kartaa sumowga ee aadanuhu, koritaanka burooyinka halista ah. Waxa intaa dheer in beeraha, xeryahooda nitrogen waxaa loo isticmaalaa in warshado kale:

• diyaarinta medicaments;
• waayo, Avv kiimikada xeryahooda sare-kelli,
• in soo saaridda waxyaabaha qarxa laga soo trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• wax soo saarka ee formaldehyde.

xabagta NO helaa isticmaalo qalliinka, walaxda saamayn ku xanuunka. Loss of dareen marka neefsado gaaska ogaaday in xataa cilmi horeysay nitrogen guryaha kiimikada. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa uu ahaa magac caadi ah "gaaska qosol".

Dhibaatada of Nitrate ee wax soo saarka beeraha

The cusbada ee nitric acid - amooniyam - ku jira anion ah uusan waallayn eedeeyay NO ^3-. Weli isticmaalo magaca jir ah oo kooxda ka mid ah walxaha - amooniyam. Nitrate waxaa loo isticmaalaa in bacrimiya beeraha, in lagu koriyo, beero. iyaga keeni guga hore ka hor inta beerto, in xagaaga - foomka of quudinta dareere ah. isu By, walax aanu khatar aad u weyn in dadka, laakiin ee jirka, waxay beddelay nitrites, ka dibna gelin nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- udhigo - Qurub sun ah, waxay keeni qayilo bir ah ferrous ee u taagoo ee unugga ee udhigo trivalent ah. In gobolka this, walax ugu weyn ee dhiigga aadanaha iyo xayawaanka ma awoodo inuu qaado oxygen iyo ka unugyada saari carbon dioxide.

The faddarayn amooniyam khatar badan oo cunto ah ee caafimaadka aadanaha:

• burooyinka halista shaac baxa diinta ee Nitrate in nitrosamines (kansar);
• horumarinta ulcerös kolit,
• hypotension ama hypertension,
• wadnaha,
• dhiig xanuunada
• lesions beerka, xameetida ah iyo horumarinta ee diabetes;
• horumarinta renal failure;
• anemia, xasuusta oo yaraada, dareenka iyo sirdoonka.

Isticmaalka isku mar ah waxyaabaha kala duwan la qaadasho badan oo Nitrate keenaysaa in lagu sumoobo ba'an. Wararka ayaa waxay noqon karaan dhirta, biyaha la cabbo, suxuunta hilibka diyaar-dhigay. Barareyso biyo nadiif ah iyo cunto karinta yarayn kartaa content nafaqo ee alaabta amooniyam. Cilmi baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen in qaadasho sare ee xeryahooda khatar arkay in wax soo saarka qaan gaadhin iyo dhirta lagu koriyo.

Fosfooraska - element Pnictogen

Atamka ee xubno ka kiimikada ku jira column isku toosan ee habka wareegsan, muujiyaan guryaha caadiga ah. Fosfooraska, waxa uu ku yaalaa muddo saddexaad, waxaa loola jeedaa kooxda 15, iyo sidoo kale nitrogen. xubno Qaabdhismeedka atamka la mid ah, laakiin waxaa jira kala duwanaan ee guryaha. Nitrogen iyo fosfooraska muujiyaan valency iyo qayilo negative gobolka III ee xeryahooda ay la Biraha iyo hydrogen.

reactions fosfooraska badan ayaa sii wadi at heerkulka caadiga ah, element ah kiimikada firfircoon. Waxaa ka jawaabay ogsijiin si ay u sameeyaan P ₂ O ₅ sare xabagta. Xalka aqueous ee wax this leedahay sifooyinka acid (metaphosphoric). Iyadoo kulaylinta orthophosphoric acid waa la helay. Waxaa qeexaya hannaanka ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee cusbada, kuwaas oo qaar badan tahay Bacriminta macdanta, tusaale ahaan superphosphates. Nitrogen iyo fosfooraska xeryahooda qayb muhiim ah oo wareegga ah ee arrinta iyo tamarta on dhulkeenna, loo isticmaalo warshadaha, beeraha iyo kale beeraha.