Unugyada neerfaha, dhismaha iyo shaqada. Maqaallo unugyada dareemayaasha. Noocyada unugyada neerfaha

Waxaan inta badan u hesho habdhiska, si joogto ah shaandhayso macluumaadka soo socda, si ay uga jawaab adduunka inagu xeeran oo isku day in aad dhegaysato jidhka, iyo in waxaas oo dhan waxa aan ka caawiyay by unugyada la yaab leh. Waxay yihiin natiijo of horumar dheer, natiijada shaqada ee dabiiciga ah oo dhan horumarka noolaha on Earth.

Waxaan ma dhihi karo in nidaamka of aragtida, falanqaynta iyo wax ka qabashada waa ku haboon. Laakiin waxaan aad u fog waxaa laga saaro xoolaha. Fahmo sida sida nidaam adag, waxa aad u muhiim ma aha oo kaliya ku takhasusay - bayoolajiga iyo dhakhaatiirta. Tani waxay noqon kartaa xiiso, iyo dadka xirfadaha kale.

Macluumaadka ku jira qodobkan waa la heli karaa qof kasta oo waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh ma ahan oo keliya sida aqoonta, maxaa yeelay, fahamka ee u shaqeeyo - fure u waxgarasho.

Waayo, taas oo ay mas'uul ka yahay

unugyada neerfaha Human leeyahay kala duwanaanshaha u gaar ah dhismaha iyo hawlaha gaarka ah ee neurons iyo isdhexgalka ay gaar ah. Ka dib oo dhan, maskaxda our - Nidaamka diyaarin aad u adag. Iyo si ay u maareeyaan hab dhaqankeenna, dareenka iyo fikirka, waxaan u baahan nahay shabakad mid aad u adag.

unugyada neerfaha, qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada in qeexayaa set oo ah neurons - Unugyada la Sabuul - iyo go'aan ka shaqaynaya caadiga ah ee jidhka ah, ugu horreeya oo dhan, waxay bixisaa waxqabadka dubaridan qaababka xubnaha oo dhan. Marka labaad, waxa jidhka isku xira deegaanka dibada waxayna siisaa jawaab-qabsiga si ay isbedel. Mar saddexaad, ay gacanta ku-shiid xaalado kala duwan. Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee unugyada neerfaha qayb ka yahay wax laabaha: nidaamka shanqadha - hadalka iyo fikirka, dhegyadii ee dhaqanka bulshada. saynisyahano Qaar ka mid ah hypothesized in qof ayaa ka farxiyay aad, taas oo uu u lahaa in ay "allabari" xoolo badan yihiin awood u maanka. Tusaale ahaan, ma waxaan hortooda ba'an iyo maqalka, waxa ku faani karo ee xoolaha.

unugyada neerfaha, qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada ku jira oo ku salaysan gudbinta korontada iyo kiimikada waxaa si cad u kooban saamaynta. Marka la barbardhigo humoral ah, nidaamka degdeg ah u dhaqmo.

laliska yar oo badan oo

Unugyada unugyada neerfaha - neurons ah - waa halbeeg dhismaha iyo hawlaha gaarka ah ee habka dareemayaasha jirka. qaab-dhismeedka gacanta Neuron lagu gartaa takhasuska adag oo kordhay functional. Dhismaha neuron ka kooban yahay jirka eukaryotic (soma) kuwaas oo dhexroor iyo 3-100 geedi socodka microns. neuron Soma ka kooban xuduntii iyo nucleolus leh qalab biosynthetic kuwaas oo foomamka ensaymes, walxaha soo jireenka ah si ay hawlaha gaarka ah ee neurons. Nissl weyshan - xidh ku xiga si kasta oo ceelal kale simay of reticulum endoplasmic xunxunna iyo qalab Golgi horumariyo.

Shaqooyinka unugyada neerfaha la joogto ah samayn karaa, ay sabab u tahay tirada badan oo jidhka ku "Quwadda" saara ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton bandhigay neurofilaments iyo microtubules, kaalin taageeraya. Inta lagu guda jiro khasaaro dhismayaasha xuub Midabka lipofuscin uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, tirada taas oo kordhinaysa la da'da kordhaysa ee neuron ah. The Midabka neurons stem sameeyay melatonin. nucleolus wuxuu ka kooban yahay protein iyo RNA ka core DNA ah. ontogeny The oo ka mid ah nucleolus iyo basophils ogaado dhibaatooyinka dabeecadda aasaasiga ah ee aadanuhu, tan iyo markii ay ku xiran tahay waxqabad iyo inta jeer ee xiriirada. unugyada dareemayaasha waxaa ka mid ah qeybta aasaasiga ah dhismaha - neuron ah, laakiin waxaa jira noocyo kale oo ka mid ah unugyada kaabidda.

Features ee qaab dhismeedka of unugyada dareenka

Dvuhmembrannoe neurons xuduntii uu leeyahay daloolada kaas oo geli qashinka walxaha soo dheegtay. Iyada oo ku kaladuwan yihiin qalab hidde dhacdaa keenaya qaabeynta iyo inta jeer ee isdhexgalka. shaqo kale oo yaruna waa sharciyeynta Avv borotiinka. neurons Mature laguma qaybsan karo by maytosis, iyo alaabta firfircoon hiddo go'an synthesizing neuron kasta waa loo hubiyo wanaaga iyo homeostasis dhamaan wareega nolosha. Bedelka ee qaybo ka dhaawacan iyo la'yahay intracellularly kaliya laga yaabaa inuu dhaco. Laakiin waxaa jira reeban. epithelium ee analyzer ku olfactory ganglia qaar ka mid ah xoolaha ay u qaybsadaan awoodaan.

Unugyada unugyada dareemayaasha waxaa aragga kala duwanaayeen noocyo kala duwan oo cabbirka iyo qaababka. Neurons lagu gartaa qaab aan joogto ahayn sababtoo ah geeddi socodka, inta badan fara badan oo baxda. Tani - kirishbooyada nool ee signallo koronto, kuwaas oo ka kooban by arc reflex. unugyada neerfaha, qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada taas oo ay ku xiran tahay unugyada aadka u kala, kuwaas oo kaalin ka kooban yahay in aragtida ah macluumaad dareen u habaynteeda by karsado korontada iyo gudbinta inta kale ee unugyada kala, wuxuu awoodaa inuu bixiyo jawaab. Waa ku dhowaad degdeg ah. Laakiin walxaha qaar ka mid ah, oo ay ku jiraan aalkolada, aad bay u iyada u dhigi.

ku saabsan Axon

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee shaqada unugyada neerfaha la toos ah ka-qaybgalka geeddi-dendrites iyo Axon. Axon loo tarjumay ka Greek sida "dhidibka". nidaamka la dheereeyey Tani, jidhka tabinta by excitation-Sabuul in neurons kale. Talooyin Axon ee aadka u jahaysteen, mid kasta oo awood u leh ficil leh 5,000 neurons iyo 10 si ay u sameeyaan kun oo xiriiro.

soma kaledii ah, kaas oo laamo axon ah, loo yaqaan hillock axon ah. Waxay isku daraa la axon in ay ka maqan reticulum ka da.ay endoplasmic, RNA, iyo adag enzymatic.

qayb ka mid ah dendrites

Magaca Tani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa cell "geed". Like laamood, ka soma koraan geedi socodka branching stubby oo xoog badan. Waxay heli calaamadaha iyo waa loci ay jiraan synapses. Dendrites via laamood dhinac - jirad - kordhiyo bedka iyo sidaas daraaddeed xiriiro. Dendrites aan daboolida, Axon waxaa ku hareereysan galkeeda myelin ah. Myelin waa nooca la egyahay ah, oo ay talaabo la mid tahay sifooyinka qalabada caag ama daahan caag ah fiilooyin koronto. guud ahaan dhibic excitation - hillock axon - dhacaa goobta ka soo jeedo ee axon ka soma ee aaga keebka.

White oo kor u kacaya arrinta iyo wadooyinka soo degaya qaab maskaxda iyo Axon spinal by kaas oo falalkooda dareemayaasha waxaa loo qabtaa, introducer waagii function - neurotransmission. The signallo koronto waxaa lagu kala qaado, si ay waaxyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah maskaxda iyo xangulada, fulinta xidhiidhka u dhaxeeya. meydadka fulinta waqti isku mid ah ayaa loogu xidhi karaa receptors ah. arrinta Gray of kiliyaha cerebral waxaa la aasaasay. kanaalka laf-dhabarka waa xarunta of hummaag dhalin (hindhiso, qufac) iyo xarumaha autonomic hawsha reflex ee caloosha, kaadida, saxarooda ah. neurons Intercalary, jidhka iyo dendrites of motor fulinta shaqada reflex, fulinta reactions motor.

Features of unugyada neerfaha ay sabab u tahay tirada geedi socodka. Neurons waa unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, bipolar. nudaha aadanaha habdhiska ma unipolar mid farac ee neurons. In multipolar ah - tiro badan oo dogob dendritic. branching Tani wax saameyn ah kuma xawaaraha signalka.

unugyada kala duwan - noocyo kala duwan oo hawlaha

Shaqada unugyada neerfaha yahay kooxo neurons oo kala duwan. Takhasus in lagu bedello reflex ama la kala saaro neurons dareenka afferent, qabashada falalkooda ka xubnaha iyo maqaarka maskaxda.

neurons Intercalary, ama urur, - Koox ka mid ah bedesheen ama neurons in ay u falanqeeyaan iyo go'aan xira, siday shaqada unugyada neerfaha.

neurons Efferent, ama xasaasi ah, qaban warbixin ku saabsan dareenka - falalkooda ka soo maqaarka iyo xubnaha gudaha maskaxda.

neurons Efferent, effector, ama dhaqdhaqaaq, falalkooda anshaxa - ka "kooxda" ka maskaxda iyo xangulada si wada shaqeeyo.

Guryaha unugyada neerfaha in neurons shaqeeyaan shaqo adag iyo dahabka ee jidhka ku jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee humdrum hawlgalka heer hoose - ah cunno siinta, ka saarida waxyaabaha suuska, function ilaaliya helo unugyada neuroglial kaabayaal ama taageeraya Schwann.

Geedi socodka ah ee formation of unugyada dareenka

The unugyada tuubada neural iyo saxan ganglion kaladuwan ah oo qeexaya qaababka ka mid ah unugyada neural laba jiho noqdo neuroblasts waaweyn iyo neurocytes. unugyada yar (spongioblasty) uma siyaadiyo oo noqday unugyada glial. unugyada neerfaha, nooc oo dhar kuwaas oo ka kooban by neurons, wuxuu ka kooban yahay ugu weyn iyo kaabayaal ah. unugyada darran ( "unugyada glial") waxaa ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka gaar ah iyo shaqada. dhexe ee habdhiska waxaa wakiil ka ah noocyada soo socda ee unugyada glial: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, durugsan - gliocytes ganglia, unugyada glial terminal iyo neyrolemmotsitami - unugyada Schwann. Ependimotsity intraventricular dahaarka saabka of maskaxda iyo kanaalka laf-dhabarta iyo qarsan dheecaanka lafdhabarka. Noocyada unugyada neerfaha - astrocytes, cawl foomka unugyada star-qaabeeya iyo arrin cad. The guryaha unugyada neerfaha - astrocytes iyo xuub glial kordhinayaan in caqabad dhiig-maskaxda: dhexeeya dareere ah iyo unugyada connective ee dareemayaasha ku baaso xuduudaha dhismaha iyo functional.

Evolution dhar

hantida ugu weyn ee u shaqeeyo noolu waa ka xanaaq ama dareen. Nooca unugyada neerfaha taaban meel phylogenetic xayawaanka iyo leedahay tirayn ballaaran, complicating geedi socodka of horumar. All noolaha u baahan-beegyada uu qaar ka mid ah wada-shaqayn gudaha iyo xeer isdhexgalka habboon u dhexeeya niyad si homeostasis gobolka iyo nafeedba. unugyada neerfaha ah ee xoolaha, qaab-dhismeedka gaar ahaan multicellular iyo hawlaha kuwaas oo soo maray aromorphoses, kor u badbaadista halganka jiritaanka. In stellate hydroid heer hoose ah soo bandhigay, unugyada dareenka kala firdhiyey jidhka oo dhan oo la xidhiidha geedi socodka fiican, isku maran. Noocan unugyada neural waxaa lagu magacaabaa waajihi.

habdhiska planar iyo roundworms stem, nooca sallaan (ortogon) waxay ka kooban tahay labo ka mid ah ganglia cerebral - rucubood oo unugyada dareenka iyo ka dogob ay gaadhya (konnektivy) isku xidhan by commissures cross-qaybood kordhin. In annelids ka strands ganglion xiran peripharyngeal, ka baxo xudunta neerfaha ventral, taas oo qayb kasta - laba Guntin dareemayaasha jiidda ku xiran by fiiloyin dareemayaasha. Qaar ka mid ah ganglia dareemayaasha xoog spineless la formation of maskaxda. Dareenkaaga iyo hanuuninta bannaan ee lagu qeexay by cayayaanka cephalization ganglia labada ciyaaryahan ee maskaxda, giraanta peripharyngeal neerfayaasha iyo silsilad dareemayaasha ventral.

In unugyada neural chordate, noocyada unugyada kaas oo aad u daran, way adag tahay in la helo, laakiin qaab-dhismeedka this of evolutionarily cudur daar. layers kala duwan ah oo waxaa lagu abaabulaa dhinaca dhabbar ee jidhka ku jira si ay u sameeyaan saabka neural tube - nevrotsel. In vertebrates waxaa kala ee maskaxda iyo xangulada. In formation of maskaxda dhamaadka hore ee ahayed tuubada. Haddii hoose habdhiska multicellular door waadixa kabidda, ka dibna xayawaanka sare waxaa lagu fuliyaa oo macluumaadka lagu kaydiyo, ay ka saareen, haddii loo baahdo, iyo sidoo kale bixisaa processing iyo is-dhexgalka.

In nuujiya, kuwaas oo maskaxda oo bararta siin kaca qaybaha ugu weyn ee maskaxda. Iyo inta kale ee tuubada foomamka laf dhabarta. unugyada neerfaha, qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada taas oo nuujiya sare ah, ayaa isbedelo la taaban karo. Tani horumarinta tartiib ah kiliyaha cerebral, iyo dhammaan qaybaha habka dareemayaasha jirka, taasoo keenta qabsashada adag in xaaladaha deegaanka, iyo qawaaniin homeostasis.

Xarunta iyo ubucda

habdhiska waxa lagu kala saaraa waaxaha functional iyo anatomy. Qaab-dhismeedka jidh ay la mid tahay magacyada meeshii go'doonsan habdhiska dhexe iyo durugsan. habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha ka mid ah maskaxda iyo xangulada, iyo dareemayaasha durugsan wakiil, kiniisadaha iyo Joojinta. hababka dareemayaasha soo bandhigay ay kooxahaasi waa habdhiska galkeeda myelin daboolay guud, qaban signallo koronto. neurons dareenka, dendrites sameeyaan Axon dareemayaasha dareen - dareemayaasha motor.

Golaha oo ka mid ah noocyada dhaadheer iyo kuwa gaagaaban dareemayaasha lagu daray shanta hablood. Aruursaday iyo xoogga, meydadka cell neuronal koobnaan qanjidhada ka baxsan habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha. dhammaato neerfayaasha waxay u qaybsan yihiin receptor iyo effector. Dendrites by laamaha terminal cuncun beddelay signallo koronto. A Axon efferent afjaro - in shaqada jidhkooda, muruqyada, Dunta, qanjidhada. shaqeynta Qoondaynta ay tilmaamaysaa qeybinta galay habdhiska jir iyo maamulka.

Wax aan la xakameeyo, laakiin wax ka baxsan gacanta ku

The guryaha unugyada neerfaha ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in habdhiska degaaankaaga ku xiran yahay doonista nin, nidaamka taageerada hawlgalka innerviruya. xarumaha Motor in kiliyaha cerebral. Banaan, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan daaqsinka, kuma xirna doonista nin. Iyada oo ku saleysan weydiimaha u gaar ah, aad ma dedejin kartaa ama hoos u garaaca wadnaha ama motility xiidmaha. Tan iyo markii ay meesha ka mid ah xarumaha autonomic - hypothalamus, via habdhiska ku autonomic wadnaha iyo weelashii, habka hormoonada jidhka, xubnaha caloosha kormeera.

unugyada neerfaha, photos oo aad ka arki kartaa kor ku xusan, foomamka kooxihii garawsi iyo parasympathetic nidaamka autonomic neerfayaasha, kaas oo u ogolaanaya iyaga inay u dhaqmaan sida ku Doodeen, bixinta saamayn wada jeedan. Excitation isku jidh keliya sababa deceleration ee geedi socodka kale. Tusaale ahaan, ee neurons dabacsanaadaan keeni foosha ba'an oo soo noqnoqda ee qolalka wadnaha ah, vasoconstriction, cadaadiska dhiigga ka bootin sida norepinephrine ayaa la sii daayay. Parasimpatika acetylcholine sii daayo, kordhinayaan in daciifisa of garaaca wadnaha, si loo kordhiyo Lumen ee halbowlayaasha cadaadis la dhimay. Dheelli kooxahan dhexdhexaadiyayaasha caadiga garaaca wadnaha.

habdhiska The dabacsanaadaan dhaqmo inta lagu jiro walaaca aad u daran marka cabsi ama carabka ku adkeeyay. Calaamadaha dhacaan degaanka ee araxda thoracic iyo lumbar. Nidaamka parasympathetic waxaa firfircoonaan nasan iyo dheefshiidka, marka la seexdo. Maydadka neurons ah - ee jirridda iyo dabanicis.

In faahfaahin dheeraad ah baadhaya unugyada gaar ahaan Purkinje, kaas oo ay leeyihiin pear-qaabeeya leh hannaanka ah branching dendritic ah, mid ka mid arki kartaa sida kala iibsiga dardarta, iyo inuu u muujiyo hab ay tallaabooyinka habka isku xigta.