TCP-dekedaha. List of TCP iyo UDP dekedaha

In shabakadaha computer, dekedda waa dhibic kama dambaysta ah ee la xidhiidha in nidaamka qalliinka. Ereygan waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa qalabka hardware, laakiin software waa qaab-dhismeedka macquulka ah, taas oo cadaynaysa geedi socodka gaar ah ama adeegyada.

Port waxaa mar walba la xiriira ka-IP address ciidanka iyo nooca maamuuska isgaarsiinta iyo sidaas ayaa dhameystiraya fadhiga cinwaanka qoondaynta. Waxaa la aqoonsaday cinwaanka kasta iyo hab maamuuska iyadoo la kaashanayo lambarka 16-bit ah, guud ahaan loo yaqaan tirada dekedda. tiro dekedda gaar ah caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo si loo ogaado adeegyada gaarka ah. Kun ku qoran 1024 tirada dekedda si fiican u yaqaan waxaa loo hayaa iyadoo la raacayo heshiiska si loo ogaado noocyada gaarka ah ee adeegyada on ciidan. Protocols, kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo dekedaha wuxuu u adeegi xakamaynta habka (tus, Gudbinta Control Protocol (TCP) iyo User Datagram Protocol (UDP) maamuuska Internet ka xirmada).

qiimaha

The TCP-dekedaha uma baahna links toos ah sida "dhibic in la tilmaamo", marka kombiyuutarada dhamaadka kasta la qalo karaa hal codsi oo kaliya markiiba. Waxay lagama maarmaan noqday ka dib markii baabuur ay ahaayeen samayn karo wax ka badan hal barnaamij waqti, oo waxay ku xiran shabakadaha baakadda-wareegay casriga ah. In model ah, naqshadaha codsi macmiilka-server a, dekedaha iyo macaamiisha network xirmaan bilaabidda adeegga, waxay bixiyaan adeegyo multiplexing, ka dib markii sarrifka hore xogta la xidhiidha tirada dekedda si fiican u yaqaan, oo waxaa la sii daayay by bedesheen tusaale kasta oo ka mid codsiyada adeegga khadka heegan ah. Ma jiraan wax xidhiidh ah in tiro ka mid ah oo gaar ah, iyo macaamiisha sidaas dheeraad ah loo adeego kartaa dib u dhac la'aan.

faahfaahinta

Xogta Link Protocol - Gudbinta Control Protocol (TCP) iyo User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - loo isticmaalo in la qeexo tirada dekedda Ahaado iyo il in madax qaybaha ay. Tirada dekedda waa abyoonaha sixiixin 16-bit ah. Sidaas darteed, waxay noqon kartaa kala duwan ee ka bilaabmaysa 0 ilaa 65.535.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, TCP-dekedaha uma isticmaali karo tirada 0 UDP Source Port waa optional, iyo qiimaha oo ah eber, taasoo la micno ah uu maqan yahay.

Geedi socodka isku xira aqbasho ama wax soo saarka channels ay dhex godka internetka (file descriptor nooca) by maamuuska gaadiidka, tirada dekedda iyo-IP address. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan ku qabanaya, iyo waxa ay awood u gudbinta xogta iyo soo dhaweynta via shabakad.

Network nidaamka qalliinka software ka mas'uul ah gudbinta outbound xogta ka dhan dekedaha codsiga in network iyo isugeeyey xirmooyin network inbound (by tallaabadaas ku-IP cinwaanada iyo telefoonada). habka kaliya hal xidhina inay IP-address iyo dekedda gaar ah isu-gaynta isticmaalaya hab maamuuska isla gaadiidka. Guuldarrooyin General codsiga, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan isku dhacyada dekedda dersaan marka barnaamijyada kala duwan ay isku dayayaan in ay la xiriirto tirada dekedda isla cinwaanka isla-ka IP, iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab maamuuska isku.

Sidee loo isticmaalo

Codsiyada fulinta adeegyada caadiga ah inta badan isticmaalaan si gaar ah loo hayaa iyo liiska dekedaha TCP iyo UDP si fiican u yaqaan si ay u helaan codsiyada adeegga macaamiisha ka. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan dhagaysiga, iyo waxaa ka mid ah la helo codsiga ah in ay dekedda ah si fiican u yaqaan, oo ooga wada hadal ah oo u dhexeeya server iyo macmiilka "mid-ka-mid ah", iyada oo tiro dekedda maxaliga ah ee isku mid ah. macaamiisha kale sii wadi laga yaabaa in lagugu xiro - tani waa suurto gal, tan iyo markii la xidhiidha TCP la aqoonsaday sida silsilad qoorta ka kooban cinwaanka fog iyo kuwa maxalliga ah iyo dekedda. dekedaha TCP Standard iyo UDP waxaa go'aamiya heshiis gacanta ugu Numbers Internet Hawsha ugu Authority (IANA).

muhimka ah ee adeegyada shabakadda (horrayn, WorldWideWeb), inta badan isticmaalaa tiro yar oo ah dekedaha - ka yar 1024. In nidaamka badan qalliinka waxay u baahan yihiin mudnaanta gaarka ah ee codsiga inay xidhxidhaan iyaga, maxaa yeelay, waxay yihiin inta badan loo arkaa in ay muhiim u ah howlgalka shabakadaha ku salaysan IP. Dhinaca kale, xeryahooda ee macmiilka dhamaadka, sida caadiga ah, waxay khusaysaa tiro badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, la doortay si loogu isticmaalo muddo gaaban, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira waxa loogu yeero dekedaha raaxaystaan.

Qaab-dhismeedka

TCP-dekedaha waxaa encoded in madax baakadda of Protocol-gaadiidka ah, oo ay si fudud loo fasiri karaa oo keliya ma aha ee dirista iyo helista kombiyuutarada, laakiin sidoo kale qaybaha kale ee kaabayaasha shabakadda. In firewalls gaar ah, sida caadiga ah loo qaybiyay in la kala saaro xirmooyin ay ku xiran il ama dekedda caga tirada ay. Isugeeyey waa tusaale classic of this.

Dhaqanka oo isku dayaysa in ay ku xidhmaan kala duwan oo ka mid ah dekedaha ee isku xigxiga on computer ah oo loo yaqaan ay iskaanka. Tani waa inta badan ay sabab u tahay mid isku day xaasidnimo ah ku guuldareysto ama maamulka shabakadda raadinaya dayacanka suurto gal ah si looga hortago weeraradan oo kale.

Waxqabadka loogu talagalay sida in la furo TCP-dekedda, inta badan ay gacanta ku hayso iyo duubay iyadoo la kaashanayo kombiyuutarada. Farsamadan isticmaalaa tiro ka mid ah isku xirnaanta firaaqada si loo hubiyo in xidhiidhka ka siman in server ka.

tusaale u ah isticmaalka

The tusaale ahaan ugu muhiimsan, halkaas oo si weyn u isticmaala TCP / dekedaha UDP, waa nidaam mail internetka. server Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in e-mail (dirista iyo helista), iyo guud ahaan u baahan yahay adeegyada laba. Adeeggu wuxuu marka hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa in gaadiid mail iyo server kale. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa via Simple Protocol Transfer Mail (SMTP). Sida caadiga ah, adeegga codsiga maqlaa tirada dekedda TCP-SMTP 25 si loo farsameeyo codsiyada soo socda. adeeg kale waa POP ah (buuxda - Post Office Protocol) ama IMAP (ama Internet Message Access Protocol) taas oo lagama maarmaan u ah codsiyada macmiilka u e-mail in mashiinada isticmaala 'si aad u hesho e-mail server. POP taabtay qolalka Adeegyada la TCP-dekedda 110. The adeegyada kor ku xusan labada ordi karaan on computer ka mid ah ciidankii. Marka ay tani dhacdo, tiro dekedda kala adeega la codsaday by qalab fog ah - PC user ama server kale mail kasta.

Iyadoo server u dhagaysto tiro dekedda si fiican u qeexay (IANA iyaga dekadaha si fiican u yaqaan oo ku baaqay), doorasho macmiilka waxaa inta badan la doortay ka kala duwan ee firfircoon. Xaaladaha qaarkood, macaamiisha shaqsi ahaan iyo server isticmaali TCP-dekedaha gaar ah loo qoondeeyey IANA ah. Tusaale wanaagsan yahay DHCP, halkaas oo macaamiisha ah ee dhammaan xaaladaha la isticmaalayo UDP 68, iyo server - ka UDP 67.

Codsiga URL-cinwaanka

lambarada Port mararka qaarkood si cad u arki karo Internet-ka, ama wax kale oo Lebis Resource Tusaha (URL). By default, HTTP isticmaalaa TCP-dekedda 80 iyo https - 443. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira kala duwanaansho kale. Tusaale ahaan, http://www.example.com:8080/path/ URL-cinwaanka muujinaysaa in browser Web ee ku xiran yahay in ay 8080 halkii server HTTP ah.

List of TCP iyo UDP dekedaha

Sida hore u soo sheegnay, Internet Hawsha Numbers Authority (IANA) wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay isku xirka caalamiga ah oo ka mid ah DNS-Root, IP-address iyo khayraadka kale hab maamuuska Internet. Tan waxaa ku jira tiro dekedda diiwaangelinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo adeegyada Internet si fiican u yaqaan.

tiro dekedda ayaa la kala qaybiyey saddex safafka: si fiican u yaqaan diiwaangashan oo firfircoon, ama gaarka loo leeyahay. Si fiican u yaqaan (sidoo kale loo yaqaan nidaamka) - haysato tiro ka bilaabmaysa 0 ilaa 1023. Shuruudaha ballamaha cusub ee kala duwan waxa ay kala yihiin ka adag ahayn xisaab kale.

tusaalooyin si weyn loo yaqaan

Tusaalooyin ku jira liiska waxa ka mid ah:

• dekedda TCP 443: HTTP Secure (https).
• 21: Protocol Transfer File ah (FTP ah).
• 22: Xafido Shell (Ssh).
• 25: Simple Protocol Transfer Mail (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: xiraysid Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• 119: Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).
• 123: maamuuska Network waqti (NTP) ..
• 143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
• 161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

Dekedaha oo ka diiwaansan waxa ka mid ah tiro ka 1024 si 49151. IANA liis rasmi ah oo la garanayo ee guutooyinkiisa oo ka diiwaan gashan. Dynamic ama gaarka ah - laga bilaabo 49152 si 65535. Mid ka mid ah isticmaalka for this kala duwan dekedaha raaxaystaan.

History of abuurka

Tirada dekedda fikradda la abuuray hore horumarinta ARPANET hoos iskaashiga rasmi ah qorayaasha of maamulka software iyo nidaamka.

Erayga "dekedda" The aan la isticmaalin in muddo ah. License tiro saxan ciidankii fog ahaa lambarka 40-bit ah. 32 gelinno kowaad waxaa la mid ah maanta IPv4-address, laakiin ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen 8 gelinno ugu horeysay. Qaybta ugu yaraan taaban karo tirada (gelinno 33 ilaa 40) tusinaysaa shay kale, loo yaqaan AEN. Tani waa noocooda ah ee tirada casriga ah ee dekedda.

March 26, 1972 ahaa kii ugu horeeyay in ay soo gudbiyaan abuurka ah ee buuga ka mid ah tirada godka ku RFC 322. maamulka Shabakadda yeedhay tilmaami qol kasta joogto ah hawlaha iyo adeegyada network. buugga waxaa la daabacay markii danbe sida RFC 433 ee December 1972, oo ka mid ahaa liiska ciidammada, tiro dekedda iyo shaqo u dhiganta in loo isticmaalo on Guntin kasta ee shabakadda. In May 1972, tirada dekedda iyadaa si rasmi ah markii ugu horeysay u qoran, adeegyada network, iyo sidoo kale waxay bixisaa shaqo gaar ah maamulka si ay u ilaaliyaan this diiwaanka.

liiska hore ee TCP-dekedda 256 AEN lahaa qiimaha in loo qeybiyay ilaa ay safafka soo socda:

• 0 ilaa 63: qaababka caadiga ah guud ahaan shabakadda
• 64 in 127: hawlaha martida-gaar ah
• 128 si ay u 239: loogu talogalay isticmaalka mustaqbalka
• Laga soo bilaabo 240 si ay u 255: feature kasta oo tijaabo ah.

adeegga Telnet ayaa helay shaqo ugu horeeyay ee si rasmi ah qiyamka 1. In wakhtigii hore ee ereyga ARPANET ayaa sidoo kale AEN magaca godka in loo adeegsan jiray la xidhiidha asalka maamuuska (MSP) iyo qayb ka mid ah barnaamijka maamulka shabakadda (NCP) loo yaqaan. Sayidka NCP jiray horseed u ah hab maamuuska Internet maanta la isticmaalayo dekadaha TCP / IP.