Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod: sawiro iyo muuqaalada naqshadaha

Waxaa ka mid ah taxadiri Baydka Russia degan meel gaar ah macbudka oo la dhisay qarnigii Novgorod XII iyo yaqaano Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. Taariikh kooban of Abuurkiisa ku jira ee booska gacmeedka extant, iyo macluumaad dheeraad ah uu ahaa natiijo ka fuliyeen shaqada qaddiimiga ah waxa ku jira. Ina keena aynu deggan markhaati u gaar ah ee Qarniyadii hore.

Prince - jecel yahay ka mid ah Novgorod

Sida laga soo xigtay taxadiri extant of qoraal qadiimiga ah loo yaqaan "labaad Novgorod Chronicle", in 1113 oo ahaa ina Vladimira Monomaha, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, on Dhiniciisa Midig, Volkhov la aasaasay cathedral dhagax ee St. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa.

In ku dhaco, waa in la ogaadaa in amiirka Mstislav camalka wanaagsan ay kasbadeen jacayl Novgorod iyo xurmayn universal. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay on bangiyada of Volkhov ah ayuu u muuqday 1088 at da'da saddex iyo toban, uu u soo diray inuu boqortooyada ku meel gaar ah oo uu awoowe, Grand Duke of Kiev Vsevolod. taliye dhallinyarada ilaa xad ku dhacay si raxmad leh in ay muwaadiniinta, in toddoba sano ka dib, iyagu u bixiyey, ka dib markii taas oo 1097 Novgorod ugu dambeyntii waxaa loogu talagalay Mstislav Resolution Lyubech Congress amiirradii.

cathedral ugu weyn ee veche Novgorod

Meel dhismaha macbudka lama doortay by fursad. Sida laga arki karo ka Chronicle isla, a boqol oo sano ka hor, sidii amiir oo reer Novgorod, waxaa ka taagay Rugta Yaroslav Mudry. Sayidka, arrintan waxa uu ku yaalaa soo horjeeda Kremlin Novgorod oo la odhan jiray Detinets, heshay aqoonsi gaar ah, iyo Nicholas Saint ee Cathedral, Novgorod - sidaas darteed wuxuu dadkii ka dhex noqday kuwa loo yaqaan, waxaa la dhisay sida kaniisad princely. Sidoo kale waa in la ogaadaa in mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu da'da weyn macbudka Novgorod waa, labaad ee da'da kaliya Sophia Cathedral.

Quduus ka dhigay Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod ahaa ee 1136, markii tarxiilayo Kiev ee Vsevolod Prince Mstislavovich, dadka deggan aasaasay Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod. Waxaa la og yahay in tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii kaniisad XIII ee St. Nicholas noqday ay cathedral ugu weyn veche. Ilaa dayrta ee Jamhuuriyadda ee 1478 meel u dhow meesha laga galo in uu si a Chamber magaalooyinka buuq iyo qaso socday.

Cathedral Square, taas oo uu noqday saaxadda ah ee halganka siyaasadeed

Tan iyo markii ay aasaaska ee Novgorod foomka Jamhuuriga ee dowladda of Prince joogitaanka waxaa lagu dhaqaaqay ka baxsan xadka magaalada oo ahayd in dejinta Rurik. Tan iyo waqti in, laga badiyay xaaladda Palace Church Grand ah, Cathedral City, oo waa u furan yahay dhammaan kagama.

Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhqorihii ahaa, tan iyo 1228 Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) markhaatiyaal colaad af siyaasadeed oo u dhexeeya xukuumadda iyo dadka caadiga ah. Waxa intaa dheer in la soo ururiyo sharci ah, xubno ka mid ah, kuwaasi oo ay soo doorteen wakiillo ka socda dhammaan qaybaha nolosha, ka derbiyada cathedral ayaa la Rugta waxa loogu yeero kicin socday. Maalmahan, Cathedral Square waxaa ka buuxsamay boqolaal go'aamada oo caro u qaaday at square hore ee St. Sophia Cathedral, kaas oo sidoo kale ku yaaliin dawan kiniisadda.

Khilaafka u dhexeeya meelo kala duwan oo magaalada

Taariikhda of Novgorod qadiimiga ah inta lagu guda jiro ay xukun dimoqraadi ah ayaa sidoo kale la hadhay xujada halganka ma aha oo kaliya u dhexeeya kooxaha kala duwan ee dadweynaha, kala class bulshada, laakiin sidoo kale ka mid ahaa shan goobaha kala duwan ee magaalada, loo yaqaan "dhammaanaysaa". Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa, this ifafaale ayaa loo yaqaan "halganka mezhkonchanskoy."

At iridda galbeed ee cathedral ku yaaliin degree waxa loogu yeero Veche - madal ama podium, loogu talagalay ka qaybgalayaasha ugu caan ah iyo saameynta badan ee golaha, oo dul taagan oo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay sharaf weyn. Inta lagu jiro halgan u dhexeeya meelo kala duwan oo magaalada (1218-1219), marka ay weli ma aasaasay masaal u ah xaaladda mid kasta oo ka mid ah dhinacyada iska soo horjeeda, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod iyo meesha la jaarka ah u noqday xarunta of iskudhacyo rabshada wata oo sii galay dagaal furan mararka qaarkood.

Under ilaalinta booska keydinta

Iyada oo xaaladda magaalooyinka macbudka, iyo, dhammaan ayuu ka sarreeyaa, oo meesha quduuska ah, katedraalka, xeerkii aasaasay tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, waa marsada ah ee kuwa badbaadada labada maamulka iyo cadhada dadku ay doondooneen oo dhan. tusaalooyin badan oo caynkaas ah waxaa laga heli karaa diiwaanka qoran waqtiga. Gaar ahaan, mid ka mid ah taariikhda sheegay in 1338 by badnaa caasi of dayidiisii la badbaadiyay waxa ku jira eryey archimandrites Esif iyo Lawrence. Raacdadu waqti dheer Ilaalinna iridda katedraalka, laakiin kuma ay dhicin inay galaan iyo badbaadiyeen nafta qaxay.

MUDDADA hoos u of katedraalka

Qarnigii soo socda, marka Novgorod badiyay madaxbannaanida iyo qayb ka mid ah Grand Duchy ee Moscow, hore vechevoj Saint Nicholas Cathedral noqday, Novgorod ma ahaa in xafiiska diiniga, iyo madaxtooyada. Tani waxay siisay fursad ay ku heli lahaa dayactirka kab ay dowladda qaarkood oo saamayn togan ku saabsan xaaladda guud.

Waxa aan ahaa ilaa bartamihii qarnigii XVIII ka, marka amarka Empress Elizabeth, uu wareejiyo awoodda sharci ee Sheeko of Novgorod oo noqday cathedral ee magaalada aan ku biiro, taas oo aan saameyn ku yeelan kartaa in ay dhaqaale. Sidaas darteed, ay sabab u la'aanta ah ee lacagta loo baahan yahay in gabi ahaanba ay, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) ilaa dhamaadka qarnigii u noqday oo duqoobay, iyo gobolka degdeg ah u yimid.

dib u dhiska Xiga of katedraalka

Kaliya tan iyo muddo boqornimadii of Emperor Alexander I nolosha cathedral bilaabay beddelo mid ka fiican. In 1810, on amarka ugu sareeya ee la sii daayay lacag ay dib u dhiska, kuwaas oo ka caawiyey in ay dhistaan dhinac galbeedka iyo waqooyiga dheeraad ah, kuwaas oo hooy u noqon doontaa: sacristy ah, chapels diiran, square oo balbalada. Waxaa intaa dheer, inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada wiilkiisii - Nicholas I, dabaqa of cathedral la damacsan la sibidhka ah ee kabka.

In 1913, Nicholas Saint ee Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) albaabbadeedii oo qoyska Imperial furay. Sababta dhacdadan ahaa vosmisotletie tan bookmarks iyo trohsotletie talada Golaha Romanov. Ka hor booqashada martidii sar sare waxa ku jira tiro balaadhan oo ah shaqada dib u soo celinta waxaa fuliyey.

Masiirka macbudka sannadaha Soviet

Ka dib markii Revolution October ee xukuumadda cusub ma la xiro Cathedral ee. Tani waa caddaynta ku kuwa jeer waraaqaha iyo Xusuus of jir raagayaan. faragelinta kaliya in uu naftiisa la oran karo waa sida go'aanka Golaha City Novgorod ka 1933 ku salaysan kuwaas oo kiniisadda noqday labada matxaf. Tan iyo markaas, derbiyadeeda la socdaan caabuddaan sameeyay tours.

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod ayaa helay waxyeello weyn. Gaar ahaan, ka duqeyn waxyeelo uu saqafka iyo qaybo ka mid sare. Intaa waxaa dheer, mugga oo dhan bari iyo ilaa dhankeeda galbeed qadiimiga gudbay crack qoto dheer iyada oo dhagaaxda derbiyada, meelaha dedan oo booska maray. Qarax A balbalada galbeedka oo gabi ahaanba burburtay saqafka.

Ka dib markii dagaal uu ka dhacay taxane ah oo shuqullada dib u soo celinta iyo Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod Mu'miniinta soo laabtay, laakiin sanadkii 1962 ay xaaladda sida kaniisadda hadda la tirtiray. Tan iyo waqti in, iyagoo mas'uul ka ah matxafka Novgorod gobolka, wuxuu noqday shayga falaqeynta. In sano ee ku xiga, wuxuu u dallacsiiyey tiro balaadhan oo ah shaqo qaddiimiga ah, taas oo loo ogol yahay faham wanaagsan ee ay taariikhda iyo muuqaalka asalka ah. qubbad ee Cathedral ee magaalada martigeliso planetarium ah.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod: Tilmaamo naqshadda

Maanta, cathedral qadiimiga, ilaalinta maanka taariikhda Novgorod Jamhuuriyadda madax banaan, degan meel keentay ka mid ah dhismayaasha kale ee ku jira dhismaha ee ganacsiga ee Novgorod. Its muuqaalka naqshadda ka mid ah mid aad u rayadka oo adag.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, photos of taas oo lagu soo bandhigay maqaal ah, waa hore dhismaha shan domed ah, iyo dhanka bari iyo kumyadu by saddex apses - Saadaasha derbiga semicircular, oo waxaa la geeyaa meesha allabariga gudaha. booska ay taageerayaan ku lixda tiir awood ku yaalla dhismaha weyn ee gudahood.

Ay kiniisadda dulmari soo jeedinaya xiriirka uu la leeyahay masterpiece kale oo naqshadaha Novgorod qadiimiga ah - St. Sophia Cathedral. Guud ahaan, sida ay eedeymahaas, ay qaab u dhigma dhaqan aasaasay naqshadaha ee Kievan rus qarnigii XII ah. Waxa ay noqon dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha kaniisadda badan oo Novgorod, oo ay ku jiraan Nicholas Saint ee Cathedral, Novgorod.

The frescoes oo uu rinji in sannadihii ay aasaaska, waayo qaybta ugu badiyay, oo kaliya tiro yar oo iyaga ka mid ah ay weli tahay qaab jajab gaar ah. iyaga ka mid ah aan laga tilmaami karo image ah oo ka mid ah "Xukun hore", kaalinta on derbiga galbeedka, ee "Saddex Hierarchs" on derbiga xagga koonfureed, iyo sidoo kale goob ah "Job-silica on gnoische" in apse dhexe.

casriga

In muddo ah ka 1994 si ay u 1999, marka habeynta ayaa fursado cusub u furay for ilaalinta ee dhaxalka dhaqanka iyo taariikhiga ah ee qarniyadii la soo dhaafay, dib-u-soo celinta ee cathedral ee ay fuliyeen. Mashruuca ka shaqeeya lacag koox injineero hogaaminayo tiirarka Novgorod GM, iyo deeq-lacageedka ayaa la wareegay caalami ah NGO "Hansa League."