Rosalind Franklin: Biography, sannadaha cimrigaaguna, qayb sayniska. Illoobay Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - farmashiyaha British cajiib ah, kuwaas oo X-ray diffraction diraasado ah ayaa la siiyaa hab muhiim ah in qaab-dhismeedka deoxyribonucleic acid ah iyo si tiro xaqiijiyay model ah ee Watson - Crick. Waxay sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in u taagoo DNA ka jira in ka badan hal foom.

Rosalind Franklin: Biography kooban, sawiro

Rosalind ku dhashay London on July 25, 1920, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa shan carruur ah ee qoyska si fiican u yaqaan Anglo-Yuhuudda. Aabaheed, Ellis Franklin ahayd lammaane ee bangiga "Keizer", mid ka mid ah shirkadaha ay leeyihiin qoyska-ugu weyn (kale la soo bandhiga "Routledge iyo Kegan Paul"). Isaga iyo xaaskiisa Muriel ayaa si firfircoon uga qayb Sadaqaysta iyo kale arrimaha guud ee dadweynaha. Rosalind Franklin (photo in article hoose siiyey) bartay Girls School St Paul ee, kuwaas oo isku diyaarinaya ka qalin waayo shaqooyinka mustaqbalka, iyo ma ahan oo keliya, waayo, guurka. Waxay diyaar xisaabta iyo sayniska, iyo kuwa kala afka qalaad (mustaqbalka fog waxaa cajiib ah qabtay by Faransiis ah, Talyaani iyo Jarmal). Si ka duwan polyglots badan, iyada waxaa diiday dheg for music. Gustav Holst, oo ah agaasimaha music of School St. Paul ee., Mar arkay in gabay Rosalind soo hagaagtay ku dhowaad dhacaan ohyahay camalkooda. qoyska Franklin inta badan fasax ku safarada socodka, iyo dalxiiska ahaa mid ka mid ah iyada oo ay jecelyihiin nolosha oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan safarka shisheeye.

Study in Cambridge

Sida laga soo xigtay hooyadeed, nolosheyda oo dhan Rosalind ogaa dhab ahaan meesha markay u sii socotay, iyo lix iyo toban ayay doortay sayniska sida ay ku xiran. Ma doonayo in hal sano oo kale si ay isugu diyaariyaan kulliyadda in 1938, ayay ka tagay dugsiga si ay u Newnham, mid ka mid ah kulliyadaha labada haween ee ka tirsan jaamacadda Cambridge tagaan. Aabbeheed uma uu sameeyey, sida ilaha qaarkood sheegan in ay ka soo hor jeedaa in in, inkastoo uu ku yeelan karto iyada qaado koorso dheeraad ah dhaqanka. At Cambridge, Franklin takhasusay chemistry jirka. sano ardayga Her, qayb ahaan ka dhacay dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka. Macalimiin badan oo ka dibna ay ku lug lahaayeen cilmi military. waddanka u soo guurey Qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, biochemist Maks Peruts) ayaa la xiray ajnabiga. In mid ka mid ah warqad, Franklin xusay in "ku dhowaad dhammaan Cavendish ayaa la waayay; Kiimikada noole ku dhowaad akhriyo by Jarmalka iyo inuusan noolaanayn. "

hore

In 1941, Rosalind Franklin helay shahaadada bachelor ee, deeq waxbarasho hal sano ah deeq iyo Waaxda Sayniska iyo Warshadaha Research. markii ay ku bixisey in shaybaarka Norrish, horyaal caan ah photochemistry. In 1942, markii dagaalka uu wali socdo, Franklin lahaa in ay go'aan ka gaadho in ay tahay in ay qaataan shaqada ciidamada dhaqanka ama la sameeyo cilmi baaris oo duurka ku habboon baahiyaha dagaalka kula rajada ah doctorate ah. Waxay dooratay dambaysta ah, iyo xagaaga ay bilaabeen in ay iskaashi la sameeyaan ururka cusub ee dhuxusha British cilmi (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Biography ah cilmiga

In ka badan afar sano ee soo socota, Franklin shaqeeyeen cadeeyo microstructure ee carbons iyo Consort kala duwan, si ay u sharxaan sababta ay qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid yihiin biyo dheeraad ah permeable, gaasas iyo qase, iyo sidoo kale sida ay u saameeyaa kululaynta iyo carbonization. In ay baadhitaan, waxay muujisay in daloolada dhuxusha ee heerka kelli leeyihiin caqabadaha khafiif ah kaas oo la kordhiyo la kululaynta iyo kala duwan yihiin waxay ku xiran tahay content carbon ah. Waxay u dhaqmaan sida "finjilka kelli", israac xanibeen mudida walxaha, taas oo ku xiran kelli. Rosalind Franklin ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u aqoonsadaan oo qiyaas microstructure ka mid ah kuwan. Its shaqo aasaasiga ah loo ogol yahay in ay kala saaraan iyo dhuxulo saxsanaan sare in la saadaaliyo waxqabadkooda. Iskaashi Franklin BCURA siin iyada sha phD. Waxay heshay shahaadada phD ee Cambridge ee 1945, oo ku qoray shan waraaqaha sayniska.

U soo guurista France

Dagaalka ka dib, Rosalind Franklin bilaabay Boogaadin shaqo kale. Waxay heshay post a in shaybaar Paris ee Jacques Mering. Waxaa iyana waxay barteen si ay u falanqeeyaan dhuxusha la isticmaalayo falanqaynta X-ray, iyo sidoo kale si dhow ula ogyahay farsamada. Iyada oo leh sharaxaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka shaqo aan graphitized iyo carbons graphitized caawiyay sameeyaan aasaas u ah horumarka fiber carbon iyo qalabka cusub ee kulaylka u adkaysta oo ka mid ah farmashiye dhuxusha wuxuu iyadii soo warkiisii caalamiga ah. Waxay dareentay Raalli ahaanshaha dhaqanka xirfadeed collegiate of Laboratory Dhexe oo waxay ka heleen saaxiibbo badan.

Ku noqo England

Inkasta oo iyana waxay ahayd mid aad u faraxsan in France, in 1949, Rosalind Franklin bilaabay inuu shaqo raadsado guriga. Her saaxiib Charlz Kolson, farmashiyaha a afka baarkiisa, soo jeediyay in ay isku dayaan in ay "hababka diffraction X-ray baaritaanka" ee u taagoo noolaha waaweyn. In 1950, iyada waxaa la siiyay deeq waxbarasho oo saddex sano ah Turner iyo Newell inay ka shaqeeyaan Waaxda Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla at King ayaa College London. Randall qorsheeyay in Franklin crystallography doonaa Front falanqeeyaan doonaa borotiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu soo jeedin ee Chief Kaaliyaha ee shaybaarka ee Maurice Wilkins, Randall iyada codsaday in ay sameeyaan cilmi-baaris DNA. Wilkins ayaa kaliya bilaabay in ay la diffraction X-ray ah qaar ka mid ah baarka aan caadi ahayn wanaagsan oo u taagoo of code hidaha shaqeeyaan. Waxa uu la filayaa in ay la shaqayn doonaa Franklin, laakiin tani, iyadu ma ay odhan.

sawir DNA

cilmi Deoxyribonucleic acid lug oo kaliya iyada iyo arday ka qalin Raymond Gosling. Xiriirka iyada la Wilkins soo gaartay faham darro (iyo laga yaabee niyad Franklin dhaqanka jaamacadda collegiate). la shaqaynta Gosling, Rosalind ayaa noqonaya DNA sawirada X-ray ka badan oo kala duwan, oo si deg deg ah ay ogaadeen in foomamka qoyan iyo qalalan ee la siinayo oo ah sawiro aad u kala duwan. Foomka qoyan muujiyeen qaab-dhismeedka muquuninta ah, iyadoo dhinaca dibadda ah kuwaas oo phosphates silsilado ribose. Its falanqaynta xisaabeed ee diffraction ee gobolka qalalan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma muujin qaab-dhismeedka noocan oo kale ah, iyo waxa uu ku qarashgareeyay in ka badan hal sano ah isagoo isku dayaya in ay xaliyaan khilaafaadka. By bilowgii 1953 ayay gaarnay heer ah in ay laba nooc leeyihiin laba spirals yimid.

abaalmarinahaas illoobina

Dhanka kale, at Laboratory Cavendish ee Cambridge, Frensis KRIK iyo Dzheyms Uotson shaqeeyeen model tiyoriga ah ee DNA. Ma aha in ay xiriir dhow la leh Franklin, in January 1953, ay ku soo barteen casharro muhiim ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka deoxyribonucleic acid on mid ka mid ah-X rays, oo wuxuu tusay Wilkins, iyo sidoo kale warbixin kooban oo iyada waraaqaha la daabicin xareeyo Golaha Cilmi baarista Caafimaadka. Watson oo Crick iyadii ma uu sheegin inuu arkay iyada qalab iyo waxa uu qiray in ay ka qayb shaqadooda la daabaco uu fariin caanka ah ee April. Later Creek qirtay in guga ee 1953, Franklin jiray dhagax la tuuro ka wacyi-dhismeedka saxda ah ee DNA.

Daraasaddu waxay of fayrusyada

By markii ugu Franklin ayaa isku raacay in lagu wareejiyo ay Laboratory deeq waxbarasho ah crystallography Bernal ee Birkbeck College, halkaas oo ay ku soo jeestay in ay qaab-dhismeedka fayrusyada dhirta (tusaale ahaan, mahrajaan tubaakada) iyada dareenka. Rosalind iyaga u sameeyey sanamyo sax ah X-ray, iyadoo koox ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta, oo ay ka mid mustaqbalka Nobel Haaruun Klug shaqeeya. Falanqaynta diffraction Its tusay, baniadamka, in fayraska wax hidde (RNA) ayaa la gelinayaa ay qolof proteinaceous difaaca gudaha. Tani waxaa ka mid kaashanaya cilmi badan, gaar ahaan dalka Maraykanka. Franklin sameeyey laba safar dheer ee 1954 iyo 1956, waxaana uu aasaasay shabakad of xiriirada dalka oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom iyo Uendellom Stenli. Her-aragnimo ee arimahan ayaa la aqoonsaday by Machadka Royal ee 1956, markii ay agaasimaha iyada codsaday in la dhiso model cabbirka fayrusyada ul-qaabeeya iyo spherical ee Exhibition Science Adduunka 1958 ee Brussels ah.

Cudur, dhimasho iyo dhaxalka

In dayrta ee 1956, Franklin cudurka - kansarka ugxan sidaha. In ka badan 18 bilood ee soo socda, ayay qaliin oo waxaa la hoos geliyey daaweyn kale. Waxay haysteen in yar oo waqti ah dembidhaafka, inta lagu guda jiro taas oo ay sii waday in ay ka shaqeeyaan uu shaybaarka, oo wuxuu damcay maal kooxda uu cilmi-baarista. Rosalind Franklin, DNA ilowdey Lady, ayaa ku dhintay London on April 16, 1958.

Inta 16-sano xirfadiisa ciyaareed iyadu daabacay 19 waraaqaha cilmiyeed ku saabsan dhuxusha oo carbon-5 ee DNA iyo 21 virus. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxa uu ka helay martiqaad badan si aan ugu hadlo shirarka adduunka oo dhan. Waxay u badan tahay in shaqada on fayrusyada ugu dambeyntii keeni kara abaal si fiican u qalantay iyo aqoonsiga xirfadeed ee Rosalind Franklin, xanuun iyo dhimasho taas oo looga hortagi.

Doorka in helitaanka qaab-dhismeedka DNA ah

mudnaanta sayniska Franklin ee kimistari dhuxusha iyo qaab-dhismeedka fayrusyada daraasadda ahaayeen weyn. saffarro Her aqoonsan this in ay nooshahay iyo intuu dhintay ka dib. Laakiin dareenka ugu dadweynaha iyada doorka in helitaanka qaab-dhismeedka DNA ah. Crick, Watson oo Wilkins wadaago Nobel Prize ee 1962 waayo Physiology ama Medicine ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan on qaabka deoxyribonucleic acid. Markaasuu cid u maleeyay of Rosalind.

Her shaqo on DNA, laga yaabee si aadi lahaa dareemo haddii Watson aan u jees jeesi ee qorkiisa uu 1968, daabacay hoos horyaalka "The Double Helix". Waxaa uu soo bandhigay "xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh" oo ku saabsan Rosalind Franklin, muujisay hoos magaca Rose. Oo isna wuxuu u tilmaamay xoqdo, naag is kibriya - "bluestocking", taas oo ilaalinayay xogta ay ka asxaabteena, xataa haddii ay iyaga ma fasiri karaa. Buug uu ahaa mid aad u caan ah, inkastoo dad badan oo lagu sawiray waxa ku jira, oo ay ku jiraan Crick, Wilkins oo Laynus Poling, caddeeyey fasiraadda this, sida muraajiceeyey ugu.

In 1975, oo saaxiib la ah Rosalind Enn Seyr daabacay Biography ka kooban inkiraadda cadhooday statements Watson ayaa, iyo doorka Franklin in helitaanka qaab-dhismeedka DNA uu noqday more yaqaan. articles badan iyo Filimadan ayaa isku dayay si loo ogaado inta uu la egyahay ay ka qayb ah "tartanka loogu jiro galool labanlaab", inta badan iyada la kulaney ee sida shahiid ah doodaa, loogama qaadi of a asxaabta Nobel Prize-misogynous iyada iyo dhimashada hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada biographer labaad Brenda Maddox xusay in sidoo kale waa caricature ah, oo waa cadaalad darro in laftiisa qarin Rosalind Franklin, tabarruca uu si sayniska ee farmashiyaha caan ah iyo iyada mustaqbalkiisa sayniska cajiib ah.