Madaxweynaha wadanka Venezuela Hugo Chavez: A Biography iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadeed. liiska buuxa ee Madaxweynayaasha Venezuela

Waxa ay noqon lahayd aan macquul ahayn in lagu fekero in qarnigii la soo dhaafay 20-kii waxay ahayd mid liidata dhalashada dadka door grand ee taariikhda dunida. Laakiin xusidda of male sida ninkii celcelis ahaan wadada inta badan barbaro ciidamada iyo siyaasadda tirooyinka, culimada iyo fanaaniinta Yurub ama Mareykanka.

Dhanka kale, ee Latin America waqti isku mid ah ay jecelyihiin halis ah ayaa la ordaya sare, natiijada kuwaas oo loo dejiyay horumarinta rimidda ee gobolka oo dhan ee sanadaha soo. Mid ka mid ah dadka caanka noqday si hufan oo duurka ku ah hamiga iyo guulaha siyaasadeed, ayaa noqday madaxweynaha Venesuely Ugo Rafael Chavez Frias (Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías).

Heerarka bilowga ah ee Biography ah

Waxa uu ku dhashay, u muuqday July 28, 1954. Halkii uu ku dhashay, tuulada Sabaneta, oo ku yaalla gobolka Barinas, waxba gaar ah ka soo istaagay. Waxa uu ku dhashay oo ah madaxweynaha caadiga ah mustaqbalka schoolteacher ee qoyska ka mid ah. Waxa intaa dheer in Hugo cusub ku dhashay, waalidkiis lahaa dhowr carruur ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoyska ma ahaa kuwa ugu badan, iyadoo xididdada kacaan ammaan badan.

Sidaas daraaddeed, mid ka mid ah Chavez dhinaca hooyadiis ahayd ka qaybgale firfircoon Dagaalkii Sokeeye, 1859-1863 sano. Oo weyn awoowe ee 1914, u suurtagashay in ay kor u kici jirtay ah loogu talagalay in lagu dumin xukuumadda kaligii taliye kale. Ma aha la yaab leh in sheekooyinka ku saabsan camal awowayaashood, kuwaasoo aan, by afka qoyska of Chavez maray, saamayn wayn ku oo dhan tallaabooyinka xiga iyo himilooyinka. Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan Madaxweynaha Mustaqbalka ee Venezuela dhameeyey koorso ee dugsiga sare, waxaan isla markiiba soo galay Akadeemiyadda Milatariga. At 21, wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay, ka soo baxay oo ka mid ah derbiyada Mater Alma darajo of Sarreeye ah.

Abuuridda urur adiga kuu gaar ah

Isna wuxuu u adeegay in qaybaha hawada. Waxa wuxuu ka bixi jiray beret cas, iyada oo aan taas Comandante danbe ee dadweynaha uma ay muuqan. Horeba 1982 (laakiin dad badan waxay aaminsan yihiin in akadeemiga), wuxuu abuuraa hay'ad isaga u gaar ah KOMAKATE. Deciphering magacyada waa mid fudud - ereyga macnihiisu waa "Sarreeye ugu horeysay", ka kooban oo ka mid ah warqado ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah oo safafka dhexe. Dabcan, Madaxweynaha Mustaqbalka ee Venezuela isla markiiba noqday hoggaamiyaha diidanayn iyada. Nor waa la yaab leh in ururka dhow isla markiiba galay Gaarna kacaan jeestay.

Ka gaabinta on wadada si ay awood

Sanadkii 1992, wuxuu isku dayay inuu afgembiyo madaxweynaha haatan ee Carlos Andres Perez. In caddaalad ku xuso, wuxuu ahaa taliye runtii aan aad u wanaagsan, musuqmaasuqa waa bayaan off baaxadda, iyo qarashyada dawladda si joogto ah sii yaraanaya. Fikradaha Chavez eryadeen ilaa xad macquul ah, wuxuu doonayay in la dhiso Dowladda cusub ee dadka, ma isu wasakheeyey dulun iyo laaluushka, si ay u qoroto Dastuurka, kaas oo lahaa dhowr ah oo weyn oo cillado. Laakiin dowladda Peres oo wakhtiga ku guuldareystay in ay ka hortagaan isku day inqilaab.

Madaxweynaha sharciga ah

Si ay credit, Andres Perez, taas uma uu soo horjeeda ma baabbi'in jir ahaan. Oo waa mid aad u dhif ah, haddii aan ka hadlo kali Latin American. Chavez uu nafsaddiisii u bixiyey maamulka, ka dib markii aad bartid dadka taabacsan inay sameyso afgambi hubaysan. Waayo, kan maamulka isaga lagu xukumay afar sano oo kaliya oo xabsi ah, iyo in 1994 uu la sii daayey hoos cafis ah. Ka dib markii in Chavez diiday fikrada ah afgambi hubaysan. In gacanta, wuxuu u maleeyey in wax badan oo ku saabsan siyaasadda, oo sidaas daraaddeed go'aamiyo si ay u gaaraan awood keliya macnaha xalaal.

In 1998, wax yar ka hor doorashada madaxtinimada ee soo socda, Hugo bilaabay ololaha. Si ka duwan badan oo ay xafiiltamaan ay, dhigyo ay ahaayeen fudud, iyo musharaxa ahaa wuxuu ahaa nin kuwaas oo soo xusuustay codbixiyayaasha kara iyadoo falalka ay halkii la'aanta oo dhanba. Intaa waxaa dheer, Chavez wacad ku maray in ugu dambeyntii joojiyo musuqmaasuqa ee dalka. Ma aha la yaab leh, waxa uu gaaray goolkiisii. Madaxweynaha cusub ee Venezuela wax yar ka dhaliyey in ka badan 54% codadkii, laakiin waxa ay aheyd guushii dhab ah.

taliyayaashii Democratic ee dalka

By jidka, iyo inta ahayd madaxdii dalka? Nasiib darro, liiska Madaxweynayaashii Venezuela, ma suurtowdo in aan halkan soo qaadan, maadaama ay aad u 48 dadka. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan Kacaan doonaa liiska madaxdii gobolka, kuwaas oo degan post tan iyo 1952 (qiyaastii waqti uu ku dhashay Chavez). Sidaas, halkan waxay kala yihiin:

• Marcos Jimenez, kuwaas oo joogay xafiiska ka 1952 si ay u 1958.
• Wolfgang Ugueto. Waxa uu kor u ah "carshiga" 1958, in inqilaab militari. No si degdeg ah lahaa madaxweynaha inuu sii joogo xataa hal sano.
• Edgar Sanabria. taliyihii ku meel gaar ah, qareen.
• Romulo Betancourt. Waxa uu ahaa madaxweynaha ka 1959 si ay u 1964.
• Raul Leoni. At post ka 1964 ilaa 1969kii.
• Rafael Caldera, kaas oo xukumi jiray ka 1969 si ay u 1974.
• Isla Carlos Andres Perez, in uu waqti, Hugo gaadmo xabsiga. Wuxuu ku hadhay xafiiska ka 1974 si ay u 1979.
• Luis Herrera Kampins. Waxa uu meesha ka saaray 1979 ilaa 1984.
• Jaime Lusinchi. Muddada Madaxtooyada - ka 1984 si ay u 1989.
• Oo haddana ... Carlos Perez. Oo haddana wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha ka 1989 si ay u 1993.
• Laga soo bilaabo June 1993 ilaa 1994, sidoo kale u jiidaya Kanu waa warka culus ee madaxtinimada Octavio Lepage iyo Ramon tubbo Velaskes. Ayaa simaha.
• Ugu dambeyntii, Rafael Caldera. Wuxuu post haysteen 1994 ilaa dhammaadka 1998.

Sidaas daraaddeed, Madaxweynaha Venezuela, liiska oo aan ku bixiyay maqaalka (xitaa hadii uusan mid dhamaystiran) garoomada by celcelis ahaan shantii sanno ee. iyaga ka hor madaxweynaha, dad dhif ah lagu hayaa muddo ka badan laba ama saddex sano, iyo gaar ahaan jeer kacaan this post muddo sannad ah waxaa lagu bedelay saddex ama afar qof. Sidaas Hugo Chavez iyo "saaxiib dhaartay" Andres Perez - ifafaale in jawiga siyaasadeed, mid gaar ah ee Venezuela. Marka hore waxa aan joogay boostada muddo ku dhow 12 sano, Perez - wadar ahaan sagaal sannadood.

Innovations gudbikaraa oo dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed

Muxuu Hugo Chavez tan iyo markii uu xafiiska? First, wuxuu dhigay gacanta dawladda adag u talin shirkadda saliidda Petroleos de Venezuela: oo dhan faa'iidada ay la hagaajiyo Inaan barnaamijyada bulshada. Sayidka, lacag u soo baxeen inay dhismaha dugsiyo iyo isbitaallo cusub, barnaamijka waxbarasho ee dadweynaha, horumarinta barnaamijyada beeraha ee dalka. Hugo ogaa waxa la sameeyo, sababtoo ah ugu yaraan 70% ka mid ah dadweynaha wakhtigaas noolaa saboolnimada, taageero doorashada si toos ah loogu balan qaadayo. Iyada oo taageero ka helaya dadka, Venezuela Madaxweyne Chavez ayaa isku diyaarinaya qabyo ah oo loogu talagalay qaramayn ee shirkadaha kale.

Sannad ka dib markii uu doorashada, ayuu ka abuuray qabyo ah oo ka mid ah dastuurka cusub, oo sanadkii 2000 mar kale uu ku guuleystay doorashadii hore, markan teeb kaliya 60% codadkii. Laakiin Chavez fikiray "princelings-magaalada yar" ee soo socda kuwaas oo "fuulay" shaqo karti leh codbixiyayaasha, muhiim ma aha, Hugo runtii sameeyey badan dalka.

dhiig Black dhaqaalaha

Tan iyo markii Mareykanka waxay ahaayeen sare ugu xiran oo weli ku xiran yahay saliidda South American, oo waxaa la siiyey xaaladda wanaagsan ee suuqyada tamarta ee 2000 hore, waa go'aan yaab yar ee Madaxweynaha on isbedelka dabcan siyaasadeed ee gobolka. In yar sano, masaakiinta, marxad musuqmaasuqa, Venezuela ayaa noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu weyn iyo saameyn gobolka. Sababo la a dhaqaale xasilloon, iyo sidoo kale sabab u ah dhaleeceyn fiiqan ee Mareykanka, madaxweynihii hore ee a of Venezuela ayaa si ay u adkeeyaan isaga ku wareegsan waa ka badan ama ka yar dalalka waaweyn ee Latin America.

Taariikhda dib-u-doorashada

Mucaaradka dalka wuxuu ahaa si xoog leh ku qanacsanayn oo cabsadeen falalka Hugo, oo sidaas daraaddeed ayaa si joogta ah isku dayeen in ay ka takhalusaan siyaasadda si walba la heli karo. April 12, 2002 uu ka rogay inqilaab, laakiin afgambiga ka socday laba maalmood oo kaliya: April 14 Chavez ayaa mar kale ku soo laabtay madaxtinimada ee uu ciidamo daacad. Sannadkii 2006 waxaa jira mid kale oo dib-u-doorashada.

Sidaas darteed, Madaxweynaha Venezuela (kuwaas oo Biography waxaa loo arkaa in maqaalka) waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah siyaasiyiinta ugu "dheer-ciyaareed" ee dunida. Maxaa la yidhaahdo oo ku saabsan Latin America, halkaas oo muddo Madaxweynaha dhif ah waxay qaadataa hal sano ka badan!

Sanadkii 2007, Chavez aasaasay United Socialist Party ee Venezuela, hoos garabka of taas oo ururiya ku dhowaad dhammaan of shurako ah iyo a siyaasiyiinta tayo leh. Shan sano ka dib, sannadkii 2012, uu mar kale dib loo doortay madaxweynaha dalka.

Laga bilaabo dhammaadka

Madaxweynaha wadanka Venezuela Hugo Chavez ayaa muddo dheer qaba kansarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa ugu yaraan afar ama shan jeer oo daaweyn ay labada guriga iyo Cuba. Way adag tahay in la sheego sida ay dad badan oo hawlaha iyo daaweynta chemotherapy uu lahaa si uu tijaabada. Qalliinka, kaas oo la fuliyay 2012 isbitaalka Cuba, si lama filaan ah qasan by cudurka sambabada daran.

Waa sababtaa tan aan caleema xiga ee Chavez in January 2013 ayaa lagu dhawaaqey sax ah, inkastoo inta badan "cusub" Madaxweynaha waxaa ku ma ahaa. Waxaa u muuqan lahaa in wax walba shaqaysay, bishii Febraayo, Madaxweynaha isticmaalaya Twitter, ayaa ku dhawaaqay uu ka soo laabtay. Taasi oo kaliya tan iyo markii uu ka tago ma Hospital Military ee Caracas.

Markaas heegan oo dhan. Sida ka leexatay, ma waxtarla'aan: March 6, 2013, Nicolas Maduro ayaa sheegay in madaxweynihii hore ee dalka Venezuela Hugo Chavez ayaa ku dhintay kansarka daran. Inkasta oo muwaadiniin badan oo looga shakisan yahay suurtagalnimada of dhacdo murugo leh noocan oo kale ah asal ahaan, waxa ay weli ahayd adag si ay u nixin.

Talanti "Backstage"

Ninkan xusuustay adduunka oo ay rajo kaydkiisu iyo xamaasad, harraad daalin ficil iyo hiwaayadaha dhamaystiran. Maxaa waayeen Madaxweynaha Venezuela? The ugu xiisaha badan waa in dad badan oo Latin Americans, isagoo sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda Catholics, had iyo jeer ma awoodaan in ay si sax ah u qaadan maris ah Kitaabka Quduuska ah ka. Hugo waa awoodaa. Waxaa intaa dheer, wuxuu akhriyeyey xusuusta oo ka mid ah meelihii weyn ee Kitaabka, si fudud ku noqonaya wadahadalka gooyey saacad ama ka badan. Madaxweynaha jeclaa shuqulka Boliver, waxay ahayd jeclaan of laabkood ah, jeclaaday music, iyo duurka this danihiisa ahaayeen kuwo aad u kala duwan.

Sidaas daraaddeed, dabayaaqadii 2007 dunida arkay a collection of songs inuu isagu sameeyaa, oo in ka hor inta ardayda qiimeeyaan yaabaa in daayey. Sannad ka dib duubay dhowr ah oo isugu darey isaga u gaar ah, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa ururinta loo yaqaan "Musica Para la Batalla" ( "Music for halganka"). ixtiraam qoto dheer loogu talagalay isboortiga. Tan iyo carruurnimada, waxa uu ahaa ciyaaryahan baseball wanaagsan, xataa dambe ee nolosha mar walba waqti inay ku tuuraan laba kubadaha helay.

nolosha Personal

Imisa jeer ayaa la guursaday Chaves Ugo? Biography (Madaxweynaha wadanka Venezuela taas oo u muuqata ku dhowaad qofku) oo run ahaantii muujinaysaa uu nin qoyska lagu dayan karo. Laakiin in uu nolashiisa qaaska ah uu weli aan aad u nasiib badan. Sidaas daraaddeed, 1992, markii Hugo xidhay isaga la wuxuu ku jejebiyey xaaskiisa ugu horeysay. saaxiibka nolosha Second Marisabel Rodriguez noqday wariye arrin si fiican u yaqaan.

In ay tahay mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha Dastuurka cusub. Wixii sababo aan la ogeyn, in madaxweynaha qudhiisa ayaa marnaba wada hadleen, waxay ku furay sanadkii 2002. Xaaladdan oo kale, ayay xaaskiisii hore ku-ayaa si cad u dhaleeceeyay oo dhan dib u habaynta of ninkeedii hore. In shantii carruur Chavez ayaa afar hore, iyo gabadh ka guurka labaad.

End of marxalad ah

Venezuela dhawraa on qof hadda? Madaxweyne Maduro, Saaxiibka aamin ah Chavez geeriyooday waxa uu ku post ee March 2013 iyo maalinta la joogo. Marka la eego xaqiiqada ah in muddada u dhaxaysa 2011 ilaa 2013 oo dalka ka dhowaad dhammaan waajibaadka madaxweynaha hore u lahaa, Nicolas Maduro horeba la oran karo waa socdeyba siyaasadeed.

Wuxuu qaadataa koorsada la mid ah sida in of Hugo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka Maduro warshado badan (gaar ahaan saliidda) ayaa ka tanaasulay weyn. fallaagadii badan oo ay aaminsan yihiin in haddii Nicholas Venezuela uu leeyahay oo dhan fursado si ay u noqdaan dal aan ahayn gobolka gabi ahaanba saameyn ku lahayn. Waa hagaag, waxaan u malayn karaa oo keliya. Waqtiga ayaa sheegi doona sida xaq u ahaayeen xambaarsan views sida.

Haddii madaxweynaha cusub aan aad u fog tegi doonaa oo waxaan sii wadi doonaa barnaamijyada bulshada ee la bilaabay isaga ka horeeyay, sida xaqiiqada ah isagu gaari doonaa guusha cajiib ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka reer Venezuela arrin si diiran helay warka ah in uu madaxtooyada. Dabcan, qaalib of votes ahaa 1% oo keliya, laakiin waxa uu yahay siyaasi ku filan khibrad leh, yaa garanaya oo dhan baahiyaha iyo dhibaatooyinka gobolka.