Mabda 'hawlgalka, sifooyinka qalabka iyo tayada of laambadihii incandescent

Flip biiro - iyo qolka mugdi ah filaan ah isu beddelay, waxay noqdeen arki karo faahfaahinta yar oo ka mid ah xubno gudaha. Sidaas isla codsan tamarta ee qalab yar, oo iftiin ku wareegsan oo dhan shubtay. Maxaa ciidamada abuuro shucaaca awood badan oo kale ah? Jawaabta Qarsoon horyaalka ee qalabka iftiiminta, oo la yidhaahdo nalka.

Taariikhda oo ka mid ah xubno ka nalalka ugu horeysay

The asalka ah ee nalalka incandescent dib ugu bilowgii qarnigii XIX ah. Ama halkii, laambad u muuqatay wax yar ka dib, laakiin saamaynta uu yahey platina iyo Ulahoodii carbon sarkhaansan yihiin tamarta korontada hore isugu dayday in ay daawadaan. saynisyahano ayaa yimid laba su'aalo adag:

• helidda qalabka caabiga sare oo awood u noqon kulul sarkhaansan hadda ay iftiinka saaro gobolka;
• ka hortagga sari deg deg ah waxyaabaha la hawada.

The ugu barwaaqo ah oo duurka ku ah cilmi-birta iyo waxay Been Abuuran saynisyahan Ruush Aleksandra Nikolaevicha Lodygina iyo American Thomas Edison.

Lodygin soo jeediyay in la isticmaalo sida element ah dhengedihii carbon incandescent, oo waxay ahaayeen in tuubo xidhay. khasaaro A of design ahaa kakanaanta ee shubto hawada, hadhaagii ka mid ah taas oo qeyb ka sari deg deg dhengedihii ah. Weli laambadaheeda gubay dhowr saacadood, iyo design iyo shatiyada noqday saldhig u tahay qalab dheeraad ah oo waara.

saynisyahan American Thomas Edison, barasho la shuqullada Lodygina sameeyey sibraar vacuum wax ku ool ah, oo wuxuu geliyey thread dhuxusha ee fiber dhir dheer ee. Edison sidoo kale ay salka laambad xidhiidh fur, asalka ah ee laambadood oo casri ah, iyo been abuurtay qaybaha badan korontada, sida isku xira fur-in, fiyuuska a, a biiro Rotary, iyo in ka badan. Edison incandescent Karti yaraa, inkastoo ay kor u shaqayn karaan si 1,000 saacadood oo waqti iyo codsiga wax ku ool ah ka faa'iiday.

Ka dibna, in meel ka mid ah xubno ka carbon waxaa la soo jeediyey in la isticmaalo biraha madax adkaadeen. buuxieyey ee tungsten, loo isticmaalo in laambadihii incandescent maanta, sidoo kale waxaa la xiranayo Lodygin.

Design iyo laambad Function mabda '

incandescent Design aasaas bedelin muddo ka badan boqol sano. Waxaa ka mid ah:

• sibraar The xidhay boodboodaya meel bannaan oo ka shaqeeya iyo gaaska inert ka buuxsamay.
• Cap, taas oo uu leeyahay qaab muquuninta ah. Waxay u adeegtaa si uu u qabto ilayska ee haysta iyo koronto waxa xirmaya qaybo live.
• kirishbooyada The keentay hadda ka godka in gariiradda iyo hay.
• buuxieyey aarayo, kulaylinta iyo kaas oo bixiya shucaaca tamarta iftiinka.

Marka hadda koronto maraa gariiradda, waxaa ugala kululeeyo si a heerkulka ugu sareeya ilaa 2700 degrees. Tani waa sababta oo loogu aarayo uu leeyahay iska caabin aad u weyn in hadda iyo in ay ka gudbaan iska caabin this gubtay, tamar badan, kaas oo la sii daayay sida kulaylka. kulaylka ayaa maraysa biraha (tungsten), oo wuxuu bilaabaa inuu dhaadheer photons iftiinka. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in sibraar uusan oxygen in nidaamka kulaylku kuma jirto waa lagu qayilo ma tungsten ah, iyo waxa aanu ku gubtaa. gaaska inert xajiya qayb ka mid ah biraha kulul by uumi.

Waa maxay waxtarka of laambadihii incandescent

ratio oolnimada muujinaysaa waxa boqolkiiba tamarta wada baabbi'iyey waxaa beddelay shaqo waxtar leh, iyo wixii aan. In the case of oolnimada laambad incandescent waa yar yahay, tan% tamarta keliya 5-10 galaa hawada iftiinka, inta kale waa la sii daayay sida kulaylka.

Karti laambadihii incandescent ugu horeysay, halkaas oo ul carbon dhaqmeen jirka incandescent, wuxuu ahaa xitaa ka yar qalabka maanta. Tan waxa u sabab khasaare dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan convection. buuxieyey muquuninta leeyahay boqolkiiba a hoose ee khasaaraha kuwan.

Incandescent laambad hufnaan ku xiran tahay kululaynta heerkulka galool. Standard muquuninta incandescent 60 watt kululeeyo in 2700 ° C, oolnimada of kaliya 5%. Mid ka mid ah kor u qaadi kartaa qiimaha kululaynta in 3400 ° C, sii kordhaya danab ku, laakiin waxa ay hoos u dhigi doontaa nolosha adeeg ee ka badan 90%, inkastoo nuurka dhalaal dhalaali doonaan iyo hufnaan u kordhin doonaa ilaa 15%.

Wrong in ay ka fekeraan in kordhinta awoodda ilayska (100, 200, 300 W) waxay kordhisaa tayada maxaa yeelay dhalaalka kordhay ee qalabka. Ilayska ahayd nuurka dhalaal ay sabab u tahay awood u weyn ee muquuninta laftiisa, laakiin iyadoo ay sabab u ah iyo wax soo saarka ka badan iftiinka. Laakiin qiimaha tamarta ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacay. Sidaa darteed, oolnimada laambadda incandescent 100 W sidoo kale waa in kala duwan ee 5-7%.

Kala duwan oo ka mid ah nalalka

laambadihii incandescent iman in design kala duwan iyo ka shaqeynayaan. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin kulan nalalka:

• codsiga guud. Waxaa ka mid ah isticmaalka iyo laambadahoodii yaryaraa guriga awoodda kala duwan, oo loogu talagalay Cuntada dhaxe danab of 220 V.
• waxqabadka madaxtooyada. Waxay leeyihiin a noocyada non-caadiga ah ee nalalka, shumac, isfeerada iyo qaababka kale.
• nooca Illuminative. laambadihii awood Low la daahan midabka si ay u abuuraan illuminations midabo.
• caga Local. Device ilaa danab ammaan 40 V waxaa laga codsadaa on loox-soo-saarka, ee shaqo nalalka mashiinka.
• Iyada oo daahan muraayad. Lamps, abuurista nuur u jiho.
• nooca Signal. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa shaqada ee dashboards aaladaha kala duwan.
• Waayo, gaadiidka. Tiro balaadhan oo ah laambadihii kordhay cimri dherer iyo isku halaynta. Lagu gartaa design raaxo leh, haddii loo maleeyo in badal deg deg ah.
• Waayo, projectors. laambadihii-awood sare, ilaa karay 10,000 watts.
• Waayo, qalabka indhaha. Lamps for projectors iyo qalab la mid ah.
• Commutator. Khusayso sida qeybaha kala duwan ee digital LED bandhigay instrumentation.

dhinac togan iyo kuwa taban ee ah laambadihii la jirka incandescent

qalabka iftiiminta nooca siyasad leeyihiin sifooyin u gaar ah. Dhinaca wanaagsan yihiin:

• suuroggalaan deg dega ah ee loogu aarayo ah,
• ammaanka deegaanka;
• size yar yar,
• qiimaha macquul ah;
• awood u leh inay abuuraan qalabka awooda kala duwan iyo qiimaha danab hawlgalka sida xoogga AC iyo DC,
• miday.

taban:

• oolnimada Low of laambadihii incandescent;
• dareen in danab korodha, yaraynta nolosha adeega;
• waqti gaaban ee saacadaha shaqada, aan ka badnayn 1000;
• khatarta dab laambadihii sabab u kululaynta xooggan oo sibraarka ku jirayna way
• nuglaanta design.

Noocyada kale ee nalalka

Waxaa jira nalalka, mabda'a of action in aasaas ahaan waa kala duwan oo ka mid ah in laambadihii incandescent. Waxaa ka mid ah dheecaan iyo laambadihii LED.

Ama qaanso laambad dheecaan waxaa jira wax badan oo ka mid ah, laakiin waxa ay dhammaan ku salaysan yihiin Nuur ee gaaska haddii ay dhacdo arc u dhexeeya elektaroodhada. Luminescence dhacdaa spectrum ultraviolet ah, kaas oo markaas beddelay arki karo in ay indhaha aadanaha by marayay daahan phosphor ah.

Geedi socodka ka dhaca laambad dheecaanku ka daadanayo, waxaa ka mid ah laba talaabo hawlgalka: abuurista iyo dayactirka dheecaan qaanso iyo ionization ee warshadu hawada gaaska ka nalka. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan noocyada kulan nalalka waa nidaam ay gacanta ku hadda. qalabka ifa leeyihiin oolnimada sare leh oolnimada of laambadihii incandescent marka la barbar dhigo, laakiin ma aha amaan, sababta oo ah waxay ka kooban mercury vapor.

qalabka nalalka LED yihiin hababka ugu horumarsan. Karti of incandescent iyo LED nalalka waa ka daran yahay. Marka la soo dhaafay ay ka gaarayso 90%. Mabda'a ee hawlgalka ku salaysan yahay Nuur LED ee Semiconductor ah nooca qaar sarkhaansan stress.

Waa maxay ma jecla siraad incandescent

Nolosha adeeg of nalalka incandescent caadiga ah waa la dhimi doonaa haddii:

1. danab dhaxe ayaa si joogto ah waa mid aad u sareeya ka saxda ah ee ku magacaaban kulanka iftiiminta. Tan waxa u sabab korodhka ee heerkulka shaqada ee jirka kululaynta iyo, sidaas awgeed, kor u uumi of daawaha biraha, taasoo keentay in ay ku guuldaraysato. Inkasta oo hufnaan laambad incandescent waqti isku mid noqonaysaa mid dheer.
2. Maratay gilgil laambadda lagu jiro hawlgalka. Marka biraha waa xaalad kulul cas ilaa ay xirto ilaa barta barafku, iyo masaafada u dhaxaysa markooda ee muquuninta waa la dhimay ay sabab u tahay ballaarinta oo ah walaxda, wixii farsamo, dhaqdhaqaaqa lama filaan ah wuxuu keeni karaa isha dismo interturn circuit gaaban. Tani waxa ay yaraynaysaa iska caabin guud ee galool hadda, waxa ay gacan ka geysaneysaa in ay kululaynta weyn iyo gubashada degdeg ah.
3. Qoyaanka dhacdaa on sibraar ku ciribtirmaan kuleelka. In meel of helitaanka farqiga heerkulka dhacdaa, oo soo saarta dillaacin galaas.
4. farahaaga in nalka laambad halogeen ah. laambad halogeen waa nooc ka mid ah nalalka incandescent, laakiin waxay leedahay laydh kale oo badan oo kulka ka soo. Marka aad taaban nalka weli Xumaan dufan aan la arki karin on fartaada. Under saameynta ay heerkulka xaydha oo uu gubtay si ay u sameeyaan kayd carbon, taasoo ka hortagaysa kala iibsiga kulaylka. Sidaas darteed, galaas booska xiriiri bilaabo inuu dhalaali oo barara ama kala gooysay yaabaa in, jebinta shuruudaha gaaska gudaha, taas oo horseedaysa in ay gubaan-galool. laambadihii incandescent halogeen leeyihiin oolnimada ka badan caadiga ah.

Sida loo bedelo laambadda

Haddii laambadda ka gubtay baxay, laakiin ma aha in la burburiyo nalka, bedelo waxa ay noqon kartaa ka dib markii qaboojinta dhamaystiran. Waa in dami xoogga. Marka maroojin indhaha nalka ma u baahan tahay in loo soo diro, iyada oo kooxda gaar ahaan haddii aad dami korontada, suurtogal ma aha.

Marka guluubka ayaa jebiyey, laakiin wuxuu la hadhay qaabka, waa la jecel yahay in ay qaataan maro suuf duubnaadaan galay dhowr lakab oo ah, niqaam xidhan iyada laambad, isku day in aad soo saarto muraayadda. Next, labo ka mid ah kelbed leh gacanta ku dahaaran si taxadar leh u wareejin cap iyo xir nalka cusub. All hawlgallada Waa in la fuliyo oo aan korontada.

gunaanad

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in hufnaan laambad incandescent ma aha xiiso ku filan oo uu leeyahay tiro sii kordhaysa oo tartamaya, waxaa habboon in meelo badan oo ka mid ah nolosha. xitaa waxaa jira nalka ugu da'da weyn iftiinka joogto ah oo ka hawlgala ka badan boqol sano. Ma aha cadeyn u tahay in iyo perpetuation ee fikirrada qof hanad ee, ku dadaalaya in la beddelo dunida?