Kaydka Caalamiga ah ee Ruushka iyo mugga

In xaaladda siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee dalka masraxa caalamka kaalin muhiim kaydka caalami ah. Russia, in dareen this waxaa la qabtaa deggan tobanka ugu sareeya, inkastoo tiirsanaanta si toos ah kaydka qiimaha saliidda.

Determination of kaydka dahabka

Gold iyo lacagta qalaad, ama sida ay u yeedheen, kaydka caalamiga ah (GCR) - hantida gobolka this, kaas oo ay leeyihiin heerka sare ah hantidooda oo ay gacanta ku hay'adaha lacageed ugu weyn. Sida caadiga ah, jidhka noocan oo kale ah waa Bangiga Dhexe. kaydka dahabka Standard ayaa lagu qiyaasay in dahab lacageed iyo lacagta qalaad, oo la yidhaahdo gurmad ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, labo ka mid ah lacagaha kaliya - Doolarka Maraykanka oo euro ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, oo sideeda oo ka mid ah kaydka caalamiga ah waxaa ka mid ah xuquuq gaar ah sawir, ama JDS (Special Sawiridda Rights), ay soo saartay Hay'adda Lacagta Adduunka, iyo jagooyinka reserve ee IMF.

kaydka caalamiga Russia ayaa waxaa ka mid ah dhammaan qaybaha ah.

kaydka nidaamsan

On the hay'adaha maaliyadeed way kala duwan yihiin maanta, halkaas oo kala duwan oo waaweyn iyo faham ballaadhan tahay ay hore u ahayd. Sidaa darteed, qaybaha oo ka mid ah kaydka gobolka dhaqaale yihiin xubno dheeraad ah oo macna leh. xisaabaadka lacagta qalaad ma lacag kaash ah oo kaliya in unit lacagta kaydka ee adduunka ee. Waxay sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah kayd, oo ay ku jiraan deyn dahab hoos heshiisyada repurchase dambe, loogu talagalay in Bankiga Dhexe, Bankiga for International Degsiimada, iyo sidoo kale bangiyo ganacsi oo la ratings credit sare heerarka hay'adaha caalamiga ah S & P rating, Moody iyo Qiimeynta Fitch.

Wixii noocan ah ee kaydka loo leeyahay iyo securities deynta kuwaas oo soo saaray shirkado shisheeye. Saraysiinta securities soo saaray waa in sare sidoo kale heerarka S & P, hay'adaha caalamiga ah rating Moody iyo Qiimeynta Fitch. Dhismaha kaydka dahabka ayaa waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa securities gudbiyey sidii amaah ah.

raasamaal Caalamiga ah ee kaydka shisheeye ayaa lagu tarjumay oo doolarka Maraykanka ah ee heerarka rasmiga ah sarrifka.

Hay'adda Lacagta Adduunka oo qayb ka ah kaydka dahabka

By reserve macmal ah oo uu macnihiisu yahay lacag bixinta waa Gaarka Sawiridda Rights, ama Sawiridda Xuquuqda Gaarka ah. Qalabkani waxa uu la sii daayay IMF (IMF) ma foomka lacag caddaan ah leeyihiin, i.e. ka dhigan tahay oo keliya on bangiga diiwaanka. Waxaa la hadlaya oo kaliya gudahood Fund iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in waafajiyaan dheelitirka ee lacagta, oo daboolaya waajibaadka hoos u dhaca iyo credit ah. JDS ma laha sifooyinka deynta ama lacag.

Qalabkani waxa uu u muuqday in 1969 iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in ay uga takhalusi lahaayeen dhibaato Triffin ah, tarjumin burinaya ee nidaamka Bretton Woods ururka xiriirka lacageed iyo xisaabaha u dhexeeya labada dal. Muran kacday shil National nooca lacagta keydka iyo waxqabadka caalamiga ah.

booska Reserve ee IMF waxaa ka mid ah gurmad iyo share credit. kootada lacag siin xad-dhaaf ah oo ku saabsan lacagta ku jirta Fund ee xisaabaadka xisbiga State ee, loo yaqaan share gurmad ah. Iyadoo la raacayo, share of credit kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u iibsato lacag IMF ka badan wajigii reserve.

dahab dhaqanka

Dabcan, qaab dhismeedka of kaydka caalamiga ah ee Ruushka, oo ka mid ah tirada dahab lacageed, taas oo ah, jidh ahaan jira. Markii hore, kaydka dahab la sameeyey ee lacagaha qaranka. Tan iyo 1937, Ruble Ruushka ayaa waxaa ku khasban yahay dollar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kadib dagaal ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay bilaabeen inay si degdeg ah u helaan warshadaha dahab dardar, sannad kasta kaydka dahabka meeshii khasnaddu tiil by 100 tan oo kordhay. In 1950, Stalin go'aansatay inay kansasho dhidib Ruble inay dollar ah oo dhigay content dahab ah ee lacagta qaranka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ee. Laba sano ka dib, Stalin horey fikradda ah abuurista ah suuqa dollar kale. Laakiin fikradda ah ma haysan waqti si ay u hirgeliyaan. dhimashada Stalin Ka dib, Nikita Khrushchev doortay jidka pro-Western of horumarinta. Hubinta rubles dahab hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti wuxuu ka fikiray dhicis oo ku soo laabtay Russia ee dhidib lacagta doollarka Maraykanka.

Doolarka Maraykanka ayaa waxaa lagu taageeray by dahab ilaa 1971, markii Madaxweyne Richard Nixon si rasmi ah la joojiyo of taageero dahab ah oo dollar ah. By markii ugu kaydka dahabka ah ee dalka gobolka si rikoor 9,83 mareegtan. Metrik dhacay ka 21.8 kun. Metrik ee 1949. Just ka dibna waxaa jiray suuqa lacagta ee caalamiga ah iyadoo heerka sarrifka sabayn. Suuqa lagu gartaa shuruudaha suuqa xorta ah. Inkastoo si rasmi ah doolarka iyo Sterling pound ku badiyay xaaladda sida lacagta reserve, Doolarka Maraykanka waxaa kaliya ma wada ilaaliyo, laakiin sidoo kale si walba xoojinta mowqifkeeda.

Markii ugu danbeysay oo ay kaydka dahabka Mareykanka waxaa la soo dersay hubinta buuxa ee 1953. stock waxaa lagu kaydiyaa afar kaydinta. Waxa intaa dheer in stock khasnadda Maraykanka ee dalka ku kaydsan yihiin kaydka birta qaaliga ah ee ugu yaraan 60-goboleedyada. Number of kaydka hooyo iyo shisheeye qarsoodi, siinta asaasmeen lid ku ah wax badan oo xan ah.

Red Gold Russia

Sida laga soo xigtay ilo furan, kaydka caalamiga Russia ee maanta ku jira 1238 tons oo dahab ah. Sida laga soo xigtay tilmaamahan, Ruushka ayaa si rasmi ah kaalinta lixaad ee adduunka. Saamiga dahab ah oo wadarta guud ee kaydka dahabka waa 12%. Waxaa xusid mudan in dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka ka hor, Empire Ruush ahaa mid ka mid ah mugga dahab ah ee dunida ugu weyn - 1.4 kun oo metric .. Adduunka iyo dagaalladii sokeeye socdeen khasnaddii xun - by 1928 waxaa jiray 150 oo kaliya tan. In muddo ah Stalin, Hantidhowrka mar kale "barar" oo ku jira 2,5 kun. Tan by 1953. Laakiin markaas kaydka dahabka oo kaliya yaraynaysaa, halkii ballaaran, ay mugga iibiyo, Nikita Khrushchev. In 1991, wakiillo ka mid ah madaxda dalka ee shaaca ka qaaday in Faracii dhaxalka Soviet hadhay oo kaliya 290 oo tan oo bir qaaliga ah.

kaydka dahabka Ruush kala qaybsan yihiin laba sineyn. Inta badan taas oo ay maamulaan Bangiga Dhexe oo la tashanaya dowladda Ruush, lagu kaydiyo si toos ah ee Bank of Russia. Qaybta labaad waa in Fund State ee birta qaaliga ah iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah ee Ruushka, go'aamada ku saabsan kharashka iyo dhamaystirka qaybtan reserve waxaa si toos ah loo qaaday by Madaxweynaha iyo Dowladda.

The dhaqdhaqaaqa of kaydka dahabka

Kaydka ee biraha qaali ah huruud ah, ka mid ah kaydka caalamiga ah ee Ruushka, bilowgii 2014, khubaro lagu qiyaasay 40 billion dollars. In kasta oo lagu jiro Bankiga Dhexe ee 2013 si firfircoon uga helay dahab suuqa Ruush, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ku cad qiyaas ah falanqeeyayaasha, qiimaha birta qaaliga ah by 11 billion dollars dhacay. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in dhamaadka 2013 heerka dahab ah 7.8% dhacay, waxaa ka mid ahaa in mugga guud ee kaydka caalamiga ah ee Ruushka. Saamiga qayb lacagta qalaad ee dambiisha waxaa hoos u 92,2% bilowga ah ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay.

Falanqeeyayaal ayaa sheegaya in tan iyo bilowgii sanadkan, bangiga dhexe ayaa sii waday in la kordhiyo kaydka dahabka ah ee kaydka dahabka, sii kordhaya soohay mugga ay. Maxaa yeelay, dhaqanka tani waa caadi ahayn ee suuqa dahabka, khubaro ajnabi ah ay soo jeedinayaan in la'aanta this kalsooni in lacagta Maraykanka riixay Bangiga Dhexe ee Federation Ruush ee iibka.

Oil - saleysan kaydka dahabka Ruush

qaran "Potbelly" eber koritaanka bilaabay in sannadihii qarnigii 21aad. kaydka Caalamiga ah ee Federation Ruush koray by aadamiga iyo soohdin mahad qiimaha sare ee Consort ilaa dhibaatada ee 2008. By waqtiga ay gaareen $ 600 billion. Si ay u ilaaliyaan xasiloonida dalka tan iyo bilowgii dhibaatooyinka, waxaa la abuuray Fund Qaranka Welfare. kaydka caalamiga Russia ayaa noqday geysato dhaqaale in qaab dhismeedka cusub. Tani hortagi dhibaatooyinka daran, laakiin mugga of kaydka dahabka hoos u dhacay. Kaliya by-bartamihii 2013 waxay u awoodin inuu iyaga soo celin - ilaa 533 billion rubles.

In guga ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay, xaaladda bilaabay inuu u xuub-beddelo. Ababa oo ka mid ah dalalka reer galbeedka Yurub iyo Maraykanka ay sabab u tahay ku biiro guga ee sannadkii hore, Crimean ah in Russia, marka lagu daro, dhibicda fiiqan ee qiimaha saliidda, qiime dhaca lacagta qaranka, taageero Ruble ah, cunaqabatayn, iyo kontrsanktsii - waxan oo dhan ayaa noqday caqabad ku ah halis dhaqaalaha Ruush wuuna kari waayay uusan saamayn ku lahayn gobolka kaydka dahabka. By dhexe ee sannadka ay hoos ka mid saddexaad - in ay 382 bilyan oo doolar, kuwaas oo 12 bilyan oo waxay ahaayeen in ku lacagta IMF. dayrta sii waday sanadka oo dhan iyo bilowgii sannadkan, kaydka caalamiga ah ee Ruushka ayaa gaartay ugu yaraan sanadkii 2007 - 374,7 bilyan oo doolar. Bilowga ee May, ay mugga lacag si 358.5, billion.