Ghadafi Palekh. Dadka kalluumaysta tuulada Palekh

Mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu quruxda badan ee farsamada gacanta dad waa Ghadafi ah xamuurada Ruush, xarumaha casriga ah ee taas ku yaalaan Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera iyo Kholui. xarunta da'da tahay this - tuulada Palekh ee Gobolka Ivanovo ah, kaas oo fanaaniintu qarniyo badan, ma aha oo kaliya rinji walxood, laakiin sidoo kale rinji derbiyada kiniisadaha Orthodox oo soo celiyey kaniisadaha jir iyo cathedrals. Ghadafi Palekh, taas oo ka kacay ay sabab u tahay isbedelka bulshada iyo dhaqanka oo ka dhacay Russia ka dib markii October Revolution ee 1917, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si loo ilaaliyo dhaqan da'da jir ah rinjiyeynta icon iyo wareejiyo noocyo cusub oo buuxi haddii kale lagama maarmaan ah in content bulshada.

Taariikhda xamuurada Ruush

The rinjiyeynta xamuurada Ruush jiray muddo ka badan laba qarniyo. Waxaa la arkaa in ay bilowga ah ee dhammaadkii qarnigii XVIII ka, marka baayacmushtari jirtay Moscow ee Korobov aasaasay warshad wax soo saarka ee visors kamuuqdo loogu talagalay ee koofiyadaha ciidanka Ruush. Ghadafi kamuuqdo xoogaa muuqday ka dib, markii ugu caadadii Ruush Imperial maxkamadda ee buuriga noqday moodada. Korobov ahaa awoodaan si degdeg ah loo abaabulo wax soo saarka ee sanduuqyada xamuurada Ghadafi - buuriga. Waqti ka, gizmos, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalay in ay qurxiyaan qolalka. Iyadoo la raacayo, shuruudaha decoration ay noqon sare. shuqullada Later ah fanaaniinta Ruush waa dareemi kala duwan ka daydo Western of sida farsamada ee dil, iyo sidoo kale maadooyinka lahaa a loogu dhawaaqaa qof qaranka. Sidaas darteed, Ghadafi ka xamuurada Ruush muuqday characters iyo goobaha ka warkii dad iyo halyeeyadoodii hore ee suugaanta Ruush classical iyo qadiimiga ah, waxay muujinaysaa dhaqanka Ruush iyo jidka nolosha, si ay u soo saari quruxda dabiiciga ah ee ku hareeraysan.

Xarumaha of miniatures xamuurada Ruush

In Russia maanta, waxaa jira afar xarumood, kuwaas oo si firfircoon horumarinta badbaadiyey dhaqanka qadiimiga ah ee farshaxanka Ruush ah rinjiyeynta xamuurada Ghadafi: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy iyo Mstera. Ka hor 1917 kacaanka, dhammaan magaalooyinka ku Fedoskino marka laga reebo, waxaa lagu yaqaan in Russia sida xarumaha waaweyn ee rinjiyeynta icon, oo ma aha oo kaliya abuuray icon ah, laakiin sidoo kale isku diyaarineysa dib u soo celinta naakhudihii iyo derbiga farshaxankiisa macbudyo. Mid kasta oo ka xarumahan la abuuro walxood ee dhaqan caadi ah Orthodox, laakiin waxa ay sidoo kale ay insignia kala gaar ah. Masters of Kholui, intii suurtogal ah in iconography ah, inay ku dhow dahay inay xaqiiqo Ruushka dhaqameed, dadka deggan Mstera raacay dhaqanka ee beelaha Old Muslinka ka mid ah gobollada Ruush kala duwan, farshaxan Palekh oofin ugu walxood Canonicity Orthodox.

Sidee iconography in Palekh

In qarnigii XVI dadka Palekh sarkhaansan yihiin xarumaha waajibo hore iconography iyo Kholui Shuya bilaabay inuu gacantiisa isku day at qoraal walxood. Isku dayo ay ahaayeen dhowr iyo aad loogu guulaystay iyaga ma soo wac.

In bartamihii qarnigii XVII warkiisii ka mid ah Ranjiilayaasha icon Palekh gaaray Moscow, iyo fanaaniinta ayaa lagu casuumay si ay u qabtaan shaqada maxkamadda reer boqor. Haddii qarnigii XVII ee gobolka Vladimir icon qoray ku dhowaad tuulo kasta oo weyn, qarnigii XVIII ka ahaayeen xarunta saddex walxood oo waaweyn: Holuy, Mstera iyo Palekh. Paleshane, ka duwan dadka degan ka badan warshadaha Mstera Kholui iyo, ilaa bilowgii qarnigii XIX isku daro ay beeraha dhaqanka qorista ee walxood oo wakhtiga free aad beerta ku. Vyrisovalas si taxadar leh logu dhaqanka ee walxood ee la abuuray si tartiib ah oo ahaa mid qaali ah.

bilowgii qarnigii XIX waxaa loo arkaa talinaysay ee Palekh rinjiyeynta icon. Bilaabidda in walxood Palekh iibiyey ma aha oo kaliya in caasimada iyo magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dalka Ruushka, laakiin sidoo kale dibadda.

By bartamihii qarnigii XIX ee Palekh abaabulay siminaaro ugu horeysay ka tirsan Safonov, Corinne, iyo Nanykinu UDALOVA. By bilowgii qarnigii XX, wax soo saarka ee walxood oo waxa uu noqday mid baahsan, jaban oo tayo yar. dhalashada ee images raqiis ah, ku daabacan typographically, oo horseeday in hoos u of iconography iyo tirtiridda dhowr dukaamo si fiican u yaqaan. In horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad ee Kholui, Palekh iyo Mstera si loo ilaaliyo dhaqanka ee icon Russian tababarada Guddiga mas'uul rinjiyeynta la abuuray, kaas oo socday ilaa 1917.

Muddada Soviet

Ka dib markii Kacaanka Oktoobar, ilaa 1923, inta badan fanaaniinta ee Palekh shaqo. Qof tegey oo raadinaya shaqo magaalada, qaar ka mid ah ayaa isku dayay in la sameeyo alaabta lagu ciyaaro, saxamada ama kabo dhar sameyn. Ilaa 1923, dhawr isku day ayaa la sameeyey si ay ula qabsadaan hore icon-rinjiyaynta sanduuqyada, alaabta lagu ciyaaro iyo maacuunta alwaax. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax ma uu tegin iyo sidoo kale baahida loo qabo in la sii daayo tiro badan at heerka u hooseeya, iyo nooca aad ee alaabta keentay in wax soo saarka ee alaabta ay tayadiisu hoosayso.

Taariikhda markii la abuuray by Palekh Ghadafi xamuurada, foomka, taas oo aannu iyada u aqoonsanno waa in loo arkaa in ay tahay dhamaadka 1922, laga bilaabo of 1923. Waxaa markaas waxay ahayd in a workpieces artist tiyaatarka Ivan Golikov ferrous of papier-mache dhigay si ay u abuuraan halabuurka ah "Adam Jannada." Shaqadu waxay leedahay xiiso maamulka Museum ee aqoonta (maanta - Museum Art Folk), kaas oo ahaa in ay banaan artist iyo bixiyaan ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan. In mustaqbalka, habka xiran I. V. Markichev, AV iyo IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Abuuray by fannaaniinta ka mid ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in 1923 at Art Qaranka iyo Warshadaha Exhibition ee Moscow, waxaana la gudoonsiiyey shahaado ee heerka 1-dii. In 1924, fanaaniinta ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in Venice, iyo in 1925 - in Paris, halkaas oo uu abuuray kudhegaas iyo guulo weyn. All this keentay in xaqiiqda ah in December 5, 1924 in Palekh aayadaha iyo AV Kotuhinymi, AI iyo AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM iyo I. Oo Bakanov . Golikov waxaa la abuuray Artel of rinjiyeynta qadiimiga ah.

Dhasha Palekh Ghadafi wajahay dhowr ah oo dhibaatooyin: horreeya oo dhan, oo aan u baahnayn wax cusub - a papier-mache, kuwaas oo technology ahaa fanaaniinta aan si fiican u yaqaan, Paleshane, weliba, waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in ay ka rinjiyaynta walxood web guri for formatting walxaha iyo alaabta in ay bixiyaan mugga iyo qaabka guurto.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah qaababka iyo rinji Palekh sayid maadooyinka ahayd arrin weyn: dugaagado, bisernitsy, laabta, sanduuqyada, kiisaska sigaarka iyo buuriga sanduuqyada, kiisaska ookiyaalaha iyo sanduuqyada budo iyo wax ka badan. Ghadafi Palekh waqtiga uu bilowgii ornamental fahmayaan, laakiin waxaa ka maqan sanamyada cad ah iyo qisada ka guuxayay. The songs ugu guulaha badan oo caanka ah ee waqtiga ahaayeen dagaalka ku, cowherd ah, ugaadhsiga, xafladeyn iyo laab.

Safe oo u sheegay in ay ahayd in 20 ee qarnigii labaatanaad ee Palekh Ghadafi xamuurada sameeyay sarkhaansan yihiin labada dhaqan qadiimiga Ruush icon-rinjiyeynta, iyo dunida ka mid ah tahay.

The sano guudahaan

In tobanka sano ee hore ee nabadda, Macallimiin badan ee miniatures Palekh shuqulladiisa muujinayaan goobaha dagaalka kala duwan, labada dhawaan ka qalin War Adduunka Labaad iyo dagaalo kale oo weyn oo keenay warkiisii in ciidamada dalka Ruushka. In konton konton ah, sida ay dhaleecayn badan, Ghadafi xamuurada Palekh waa dhibaato cad, taas oo sabab u ahaa u janjeera ee fannaaniinta badan oo xaqiiqo xad-dhaaf ah, saaray sifo shaqada iyo Hadba hindiga shuqullada sano ee ugu dambeysay ka. Ghadafi Palekh, sawirka hoos lagu soo bandhigay, si cad u muujinaysaa saameynta ay fikirka Soviet waqtiga on fanaaniinta ah.

xaqiiqo xad dhaafka ah, monumentality iyo pathos sifaha ugu shuqullada ku abuuray sano, in kastoo, iyo ku hadhay sayid qaar ka mid ah ayaa sii raagayaan xeerkii nasjonalromantiske iyo dugsiga jir.

demoqaraadiyad ah waxaa lagu gartaa monumentality iyo go naturalistic xad-dhaaf ah, laakiin oo buurta iyo carceero ka taataabtay soo laabtay Ghadafi ee xamuurada Palekh mar kale noqdo gabay iyo doonid Ta'wiil. Muddadan, fanaaniinta racfaan paleshane ma aha oo kaliya in ay ilo Qoomkii, laakiin sidoo kale in shuqullada suugaanta classical, iyo sidoo kale in ay heesaha casriga ah. Isla mar ahaantaana dhacdooyin bulsho weyn, sida, tusaale ahaan, diyaarad meel aadanaha, oo wuxuu helay ay milicsiga shuqulkii sayidkooda ah.

The todobaatanaadkii iyo tiris ah oo qarnigii XX ahaa waqti ka mid ah ku nasanayay of rinjiyeynta Palekh. fanaaniinta Palekh loo yeedhay si ay u horumariyaan nooc oo barnaamijyo kala duwan oo riwaayad, decoration carruurta iyo hay'adaha dhaqanka.

casriga

Isagoo ka badbaaday 90s adag, paleshane ayaa ka tagay ay kalluumaysiga dhaqanka. dugsiga tahay Palekh sannad walba soo saarta fanaaniinta yar yar, si taxadar leh Dhawrista dhaqanka iyo sifooyinka, kuwaas oo si xiiso leh Ghadafi Palekh. Maanta waxaa jira dhowr iskaashatooyin iyo ganacsiyada qoyska, waxaa la sameeyey ee iib ah xamuurada Palekh dhaqanka.

muuqaalada kala

rinjiyeynta Palekh, sida kale tahay dad uu soo sameeyay meelaha qaarkood, ayaa muuqaalada kala gaar ah iyo dhaqanka. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, kalluunka halyeey qarniyo amaanay Palekh. walxood thumbnail kamuuqdo qaaday by hannaanka ka mid ah muuqaalada, sida, tusaale ahaan, Halabuurka dhismaha, iyo dareenka dhaafin si faahfaahsan. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in Ghadafi Palekh kacay on dhaqanka qadiimiga ah rinjiyeynta icon. Laga soo bilaabo dugsiyada kale ee dadweynaha Palekh style rinjiyeynta xamuurada lagu gartaa sifooyinka soo socda:

• prorisovyvanie darey adag iyo maaddooyinka;
• rinjiyeynta Ghadafi;
• gooye iyo hannaanka ornamental qaninimo,
• si faahfaahsan la dhaafin ee element kasta;
• muruqa iyo dabacsanaan ah ee tirooyinka aadanaha;
• fineness of barbaro qaybo jidhka dadka,
• noocyo kala duwan oo guurka midabka,
• Isticmaal jeeda gudcur;
• isticmaalka tempera ukunta,
• dahab rinji.

Laakiin si artist ahaa awoodaan si ay u bilaabaan abuuraya sawiirrada, waa inaad marka hore la abuuro wax soo saarka papier-mâché in saxiixi doono.

Sida loo sameeyo papier-mache?

Waxaa la sameeyey oo ah kartoon, kaas oo hore u jarjar strips, lahu, Jinka, burka la kariyey, iyo codsatay in ay caaryada alwaax (ingot) xirmi ah. Ka dib markii aad hesho dhumucda loo baahan yahay, wada jir ah ula bannaan kartoonada ka go'an yahay saxaafada gaar ah. Cadaadis, waxay beddelay tuubbooyin muuqaalo kala duwan iyo qiyaas. Tifaftirayaasha sidaas lagala kulmo way engegeen heerkulka qolka mudo labo todobaad ah. preform The la qalajiyey loo dhigi habeenkii la kulaalo saliid linseed for dahaadhida ah, ka dib markii taas oo ay la qalajiyey muddo afar maalmood ah oo foorno ah oo gaar ah, taas oo heerkulka la hayo at 120 ⁰ C. In tallaabada xigta workpiece waa dhulka oo badali doono. Ka dib markii shiidi at its badan dusha dibadda superposed layers of xamuurada madow, iyo barxadda gudaha ah - varnish Oil la cinnabar. Marka ay dhamaato ee nidaamka dusha oo dhan kamuuqdo dhowr lakab oo iftiin xamuurada. Ka dib markii codsiga ah ee lakabka kasta oo preform la qalajiyey at heerkul ah oo foorno. Kaliya manipulations oo dhan ka dib, artist ay awood u bilaabi rinjiyeynta noqon doonaa.

Farsamooyin iyo hababka

Sida horeba loo xusay, mid ka mid ah sifooyinka hantiyeen by xamuurada Palekh rinjiyeynta Ghadafi waa rinjiga tempera ukun. Si aad u rinjiga aan la riixay in ay dusha sare varnish siman, waxaa si gaar ah loola dhaqmo si dhagax pumice ah. dusha ee sawirka mustaqbalka waxaa laga codsadaa in sheyga, qalin af iyo underpainting sameeyey. Waa isaga iyo in lagu isticmaali doono hadalkii naakhudihii iyo hannaanka a of layers khafiif ah oo hufan ee rinjiyeynta. Total tallaabooyinka aasaasiga ah ee la abuurayo image ah shan:

1. Roskrysh - shiiska basting muhiimsan iyo contours.

2. Sharciga degenaanshaha - cadeeyo contours iyo midabo.

3. Plavi - codsanaya dufan dareere lessirovochnomu stroke rinjiga.

4. Blikovka - gool sameeyaa dahab dhalaalay.

5. tukado rinjiyaynta hannaankii dahab.

Intaas ka dib, wax sharraxsan, dahab qaybiyay sida agate koorta safeeyey ama iligga in Yeeyi Cunto, ka dibna article oo dhan dahaarka leh kula 6-7 layers of xamuurada. Ka dib markii codsiga shaqada kasta waa qallalay, loo qoray on dhabta ah nadiifinayo gaar ah, ka dibna maraaba ku dhameysteen gacanta safeeyey. meelaha kamuuqdo, loo qoray in ay ku dhameysato muraayad, siinta sawirka si qoto dheer ah ku daray oo ka dhigaysa rinjiga "dhawaajin" dheeraad ah oo hodan ah oo jilicsan.