First muuqday in habka dareemayaasha jirka xayawaanka?

habka dareemayaasha jirka ee u shaqeeyo nool waxaa wakiil network isgaarsiinta, bixinta ay xidhiidh la leh dunida ka baxsan iyo geedi socodka iyaga u gaar ah. Its element aasaasiga ah waa neuron a - Cell la appendages (Axon iyo dendrites), taas oo gudbiya macluumaad by korontada iyo kiimikada.

Ujeedada xeerka dareemayaasha

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqday in noolaha la baahida loo qabo is dhexgalka fiican leh deegaanka. Horumarinta ee network fudud oo la karsado wareejinta caawiya ma baxsan ka helaan oo kaliya calaamadaha. Thanks iyada ku, waxa ay noqotay suurto gal ah inuu abaabulo geeddi socodka nolosha iyaga u gaar ah hawlgalka guul more.

Inta lagu guda jiro horumar ah ee qaab-dhismeedka habdhiska waa mid adag, oo ay hawl may ahayn oo kaliya formation of jawaab ku filan ku meersan dibadda, laakiin sidoo kale urur ka mid ah dhaqankooda u gaar ah. I. P. Pavlov yeedhay sidan of shaqaynaya oo ka mid ah hawlaha sare dareemayaasha.

Dhexgalka jawiga-hal unug

First muuqday in habka dareemayaasha jirka ah noolaha in ka kooban yihiin in ka badan hal unug, sababtoo ah waxa uu xambaarsanyahay, calaamadaha u dhexeeya neurons, sameynta shabakad. Laakiin xitaa in ay suurtogal tahay fudud si ay u dhawraan awood u leh inay ka jawaabaan dhiirigelin dibadda ay bixiyaan geedi socodka intracellular.

habdhiska Multicellular waa tayo kala duwan ka in waxbarashada dugsiga hoose. The xiriir nidaamka buuxa ee la soo dhaafay Dheef a cell hal. About kala duwan ee geedi socodka in dhacaan gudaha ama dibadda, ciliate "barto" sabab u tahay isbeddel ah ee ka kooban of protoplasm iyo waxqabad ee qaar ka mid ah dhismayaasha kale. uxuu Multicellular leeyihiin nidaam dhisay cutubyo functional, kuwaasoo mid walba uu ka fadilnaa hababka ay dheefshiidka u gaar ah.

Sidaas darteed, markii ugu horeysay in habka dareemayaasha waxaa ku jira kuwaas oo uu leeyahay ma mid, laakiin dhowr unugyada, in uu yahay, noolaha multi-gacanta. noocooda ayaa sidoo kale waxay u adeegtaa sida boost a in protozoa ah. On ay wax soo saarka heerka ogaado protoplasm dhismayaasha muhiimka ah isagoo la karsado conductivity. Sidoo kale, ee xayawaanka ka badan aadka u abaabulan fulinta hawsha shakhsiga ah unugyada dareenka.

Gaar ahaan coelenterates habdhiska

xayawaanka Multicellular ku nool deegaanada, ma leh kasta oo hawlaha kale la wadaagin, iyo waxay haystaan oo network weli neural. Waxay dhacdaa barta marka la kala saaro hawlaha kala duwan ee jirka ka mid ah multicellular ah.

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqataa in Haydradii iyo coelenterates kale. Waa shabakad of qabashada calaamadaha dan lahaa. Qaab-dhismeedka aan rasmi, waxaa diffusely qaybiyey oo dhan coelenterates jidhka. unugyada ganglion iyo walax nisslevskaya ay aan si buuxda u sameeyay. Tani waa nooca ugu fudud ee habka dareemayaasha jirka.

nooca xayawaanka motility la go'aamiyo reticular habdhiska waajihi. Haydradii qabata dhaqdhaqaaqa peristaltic sida waxa uu leeyahay maya qaybo gaar ah ee jirka in ay u guuraan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyo kale. Waayo, dhaqdhaqaaqa baabuurta waxa loo baahan yahay xubno contractile isgaarsiinta kala go ', waxa loo baahan yahay in qaybta ugu badan gacanta tabinta waxaa ku yaalla qeybo ka contractile ah. Ma mid ka mid ah xayawaanka markii ugu horeysay habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqata sida shabakad waajihi? Kuwa aasaasayaasha nidaamka aadanaha ee xeerka. Tani waa caddaynta ku xaqiiqada ah in horumarinta embriyaha xoolaha gastrulation joogo.

Gaar ahaan habka dareemayaasha ee goryaamo

horumar Xiga of regulation dareemayaasha jirka ayaa lala xiriiriyay horumarinta dhabanada laba geesood ah halkii radial iyo formation of rucubood oo neurons qaybo kala duwan oo jidhka ah.

In foomka of guutooyinkiisa oo markii ugu horeysay habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqataa in 1 flatworms. Marka marxaladdan, waxaa wakiil ka ah madaxa aaday qanjidhada dareemayaasha iyo kordhin iyaga oo ka sameeyay Dunta. In la barbardhigo coelenterates ah, nidaamka noocan oo kale ah waa mid ka dhib badan. In goryaamo helay kooxo unugyada dareenka ee foomka of unugyada iyo ganglia. noocooda maskaxda - ganglia in qayb ka mid ah jilibka ee jirka u qabata howlaha sharciyeed. Markaasuu wuxuu u yeedhay ganglion cerebral. Waxaa isaga ka jidhka oo dhan oo ay la socdaan jirridda dareemaha jira laba, xiran by buundooyinka.

Dhammaan qaybaha oo ah nidaamka aan ku taalla meel ka baxsan oo waxa la Hawiyaha parenchyma iyo sidaas ilaaliyo dhaawaca. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqataa flatworms la dareenka hoose: taabashada, hortiisa iyo dareen hoganaya.

Gaar ahaan habka dareemayaasha ee nematode ah

Marxaladda xigta ee horumarinta waa formation of formation giraanta ku wareegsan cunaha iyo kordhin xaggeeda fiiloyin dheer dheeraad ah. Iyada oo sifooyinka sida markii ugu horeysay habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqataa in roundworms. giraanta Peripharyngeal waa ganglion hal wareeg oo uu qabtaa hawlaha aragtida jirka salka. Xidhiidh la leh waa xadhig dareemaha ventral iyo dhabbar.

dogob dareemayaasha ee nematodes intraepithelial ku yaal, ie tiixtiix epidermal. In doorka dareeme waa sensilla ah - burush papillae xubnaha dheeriga ah, iyo phasmids amphids. Waxaa oo dhan ka fadilnaa dareen isku dhafan.

The xubnaha ugu adag ee nematodes aragtida - amphids. Waxay lamaanahaaga, waxaa laga yaabaa kala duwan qaabka iyo yaalaan hore. Ay hawsha ugu weyn ee - si loo ogaado walxaha kiimikada, oo ku yaalla jidhka ka fogayno. In roundworms qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidoo kale receptors in garto saameynta farsamoyaqaanka gudaha iyo dibadda. Waxaa loo yaqaan metanemami.

Gaar ahaan habka dareemayaasha ee annelids

formation ganglion in habka dareemayaasha danbe uu yeesho in annelids. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid ganglionizatsiya dogob caloosha dhacdaa si gabal kasta oo dixiri baa waxay leedahay labo ka mid ah ganglia isku xidha fiiloyin si qaybaha xiga. Annelids leeyihiin xudunta ventral dareemayaasha, ganglion cerebral sameeyay iyo labo ka mid ah qaybood ka fidinayo. Waxay fidin dushiisa caloosha. xubno Ogaanshuhu diyaarin ka hor iyo soo bandhigay in ay isha qaawan, unugyada olfactory, iyo yeerqa fossae ciliary. Iyada oo qanjidhada oo mataano ah markii ugu horeysay habka dareemayaasha muuqday annelids, laakiin goor dambe ayay horumariyo cayayaanka. Waxay leeyihiin ganglia kordhiyo madaxa iyo isku dhafka ah ee qanjidhada ah ee jirka ku jira.

Qaybaha shabakad waajihi in habdhiska aadanaha

munaaraddii ee horumarinta evolutionary of habka dareemayaasha jirka waa muuqaalka kore ee maskaxda iyo laf-dhabarta ee aadanuhu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa iyadoo qaababka adag sida raagayaan urur waajihi asalka ah. network Tani dhegaya unug kasta oo jirkeena ka: maqaarka, xididdada dhiigga, iwm, laakiin la astaamahaan si markii ugu horeysay habka dareemayaasha jirka u muuqataa, oo xitaa aan haysan fursad ay ku kala Arkaa deegaanka ...

Thanks to kuwaas oo halbeeg dhismaha "haraaga" qofka uu fursad si ay u dareemaan saamaynta xitaa on qaybaha cqaadir kala duwan. shaqeeyo jawaabi karaan muuqaalka kore ee qarnigan wakiilka ajnabi ah daqiiqadii jawaabaha difaaca. Joogitaanka shabakad waajihi in habdhiska aadanaha waxaa xaqiijiyay by cilmiga shaybaarka, ku salaysan hordhaca ah ee colorant ah.

line Guud ee horumarinta habka dareemayaasha ee koorsada of horumar

The geedi socodka evolutionary ee habka dareemayaasha ee saddex marxaladood:

• network waajihi;
• gangilii;
• maskaxda iyo xangulada.

Qaab dhismeedka iyo hawlaha nidaamka dareenka dhexe waa mid aad uga duwan noocyada hore. Her waaxda ganglion dabacsanaadaan soo bandhigay iyo xubno reticular. In uu horumarka phylogenetic of habka dareemayaasha noqdo ruggedness oo ku kaladuwan yihiin iyo aad u badan. stage Ganglionic horumarka ah neurons reticular lagu gartaa joogitaanka, weli ku taalla hirgelinta nidaamka.

shaqeeyo oo nool - muhiimad monolith ka kooban xubnaha kala duwan iyo hababka si joogto ah iyo si joogto ah uga jawaab naftooda u dhexeeya iyo deegaanka dibadda. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee habka dareemayaasha muuqday coelenterates, waxay ahayd shabakad waajihi bixinta tabinta hoose ee falalkooda.