Bilowgii casriyeynta ee Russia ee qarniga 20aad iyo qaababka ay

Marka Russia serfdom la tirtiray, waxaa jira oo dhan shuruudaha loogu talagalay casriyeynta iyo koboc dhaqaale oo degdeg ah. Dhamaadka XIX - qarnigii XX hore ee dalka waxaa jiray kacaankii warshadaha. Waa inuu gashadaa Russia on par leh dhaqaalaha ugu horumarsan dunida (England, USA, France iyo Germany).

Horumarinta waddooyinka tareennada

Mid ka mid ah tilmaamayaasha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka dhaqaale ee gobolka wakhtigaas ahaa horumarinta xadiidka tareenka. Dayactirka of Russia ee qarnigii 20aad, been in muuqaalka kore ee shabakadda gaadiidka la heli karo.

safka ugu horreeya tareenka muuqday ee dalka ayaa weli ku hoos Nicholas I (ka Moscow si St. Petersburg). In hore XX qarnigii birta wadada - khayraad muhiim ah. network A fiican oo heer sare sameeyey alaabtii of Badeecadaha by dalka baaxad weyn waa wax badan ka jaban oo ku ool ah.

Bilowgii casriyeynta ee Russia ee qarnigii 20-tagay oo ku saabsan 3 kun oo miles of tareenka. No dalka ee network dunida ma ahaa sidaas u ballaaran. Inta ay xamuul qaadeen in a sano ee yar ka dib xilligii boqornimadii Alexander II kordhay 4 jeer.

Maxaa sax ah siiyey dhismaha xoogan ee tareenka? Waxaa kor u furay warshadaha iyo ganacsiga suuqyada cusub gudaha of Russia. In daraasiin gobollada gobolka iyo mid dhaaa la ahaayeen khayraadka badan oo sugaya sayidkiisa. Dhis warshad ka kaabayaasha gaadiidka fiican oo heer sare ma awoodi kari waayay ganacsade kasta. Haddii ay dhacdo gobolka in shirkadda waaqsado on kab weyn, oo sidaas daraaddeed shaqeeyaan at khasaaro ah.

Iyada oo agaa of tareenka ee bilowga ah ee casriyeynta ee Russia ee qarniga 20aad waxa uu helay xawaaraha la dedejiyo. isbeddelkaas dhaqaalaha ee u dhexeeya gobollada ayaa noqday awood badan, iyo ganacsiga - xoojisay. Waxay u qaadey qeybaha kala duwan ee dadka - ka haya aqoon beerreydii inay adag-shaqeeya kuwaas oo ka tagay bulshada.

Trans-Siberian Railway

In 1891 waxay bilowday cajiib ah waqtiga mashruuca ee Russia. Waxay ahayd dhismaha jidka Great Siberian, ama Tareenka Trans-Siberian. tareenka ugu dheer dunida waxay ahayd in ay ku xidhmaan bari xad-dhaaf ah oo dalka la gobollada dhexe. Munaasabada ee dhigin qaybta kowaad wuxuu ahaa kii dhaxalka lahaa carshiga Nikolay Aleksandrovich, kan qudhiisu dalkii ugu horeeyay ee gaari gacan dhaliyay. Toban sanno ka dib, waddada ayaa la xiray, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan u tegey si ay u tababaraan. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee dadka toosin kara ama doon si aad u hesho in ay xeebta Atlantic ee Europe si Rim Pacific ee Russia. Celcelis ahaan, sannaddii 642 dhisay mile ah habab cusub.

Iyada oo agaa of casriyeynta dhaqaalaha ee Trans Ruush ee qarnigii 20aad, waxa uu helay wareega cusub. Haddaba kuwa dalka deggan oo dhammu waxay ahaayeen hab loogu talagalay horumarinta Siberia badan. dibuhabaynta beerolay Stolypin ayaa loo ogol yahay beeralayda si ay u degaan on dalalkan oo cusub oo ay helaan biririf canshuurta si ay u abuuraan dhaqaalaha adiga kuu gaar ah. tareenada ayaa sidoo kale si sahlan jidka ka Europe in gobollada bariga fog.

xiriir dhaqaale oo u dhexeeya gobollada

Features of casriyeynta Russia ee qarnigii 20aad, jiifay ee xaqiiqda ah in la soo bixitaanka of a xiriirka ganacsi xoog leh oo deggan inta u dhaxaysa gobolada fog xoog cusub bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan warshadaha. Keligaa saareen kheyraadka weyn Trans loo baahan yahay, wax soo saarka ee kaas oo ku hawlan ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen: metallurgy, Adeeyada tareenka goosashada, processing qoryo, warshadaha kiimikada, abuurista Shidaalka tareen uumi (macdanta dhuxusha, saliid lagu safeeyo), iwm Start ee casriyeynta ee Russia in qarnigii 20 ahaa kala duwan oo iyaduna ka mid ah heshiisyo kootooyin gobolka in qaybaha ugu badan ee dhaqaalaha in unleashes talantigii .. qabanqaabiyayaasha, ganacsatada gaarka ah.

Dhismaha buundooyinka cusub, iyo sidoo kale wax soo saarka gawaarida iyo matoorada uumi degdegsiimada dhowr jeer. Sidaas darteed, bilowgii casriyeynta ee Russia ee qarnigii 20-siiyey dalka network labaad ee ugu dheer tareenka ee adduunka (dambeeya Maraykanka oo kaliya).

tareenka caan

Waddooyinka tareennada soo jiidatay ganacsatada ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale ah mas'uuliyiinta dawladda tayo leh. Tusaale ahaan, wasiirka Tareennada ee 1895-1905 GG. ahaa Mihail Ivanovich Hilkov, kaasoo ahaa nooca Rurik. munaaraddii ee mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed, waxa uu gaari mahad dadaalkaas oo weyn. Wasiirka Future ahaa dab damiye ugu horeysay ee United States, makaanik UK, ka dibna noqday in dalkiisa sida maamulka karti. Intaa waxaa dheer, iyadoo waddooyinka tareennada uu ku xidhan xirfado Sergeya Vitte - mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu caansan ee Zaman.

qeybaha kala duwan ee dhaqaalaha

Sifooyinka kale ee casriyeynta ee Russia ee qarnigii 20aad waxaa ka mid ahaa qeybiyey ee suuqa. All-soo-saarka warshadaha ee dalka waxaa loo kala qaybiyey dhowr qaybood. jajab ugu weyn ee ku jiray dhar ah (26%), cuntada (24%) iyo gornozavodskogo (21%) warshadaha.

Guud ahaan dalka, waxaa jiray gobollada dhaqaale oo cusub oo ay wax soo saarka gaar ah u gaar ah. Gaar ahaan koritaanka duwanyihiin u muuqday oo ku yaalla koonfurta of Russia. Waxaa soo saarta Subag, iron ore, dhuxul, iyo birta laga dhalaaliyaa. casriyeynta Bulshada ee Russia waxaa ku xiran muuqaalka loo arag dhirta. Shirilsya fasalka proletarian. Laga soo bilaabo 1894 in 1905, dalka kaliya ee duurka ku qodniinka- muuqday in ka badan 440 ganacsiyada cusub iyo shirkadaha.

Weli xarun of Dhismaha maraakiibta St. Petersburg, halkaas oo shipyards la dhisay Doonniyaha fasalo cusub. Koonfurta, doorka dekedda weyn u dhaqaaqay Nikolaev. Waxaa sidoo kale si firfircoon uga dhiso oo isku dhiibay Maraakiibta casriga ah ku shaqeeyaan.

kobaca dhaqaalaha

Features of casriyeynta in Russia waa ku duugan si dhakhso ah ee koritaanka, taasoo ku Xasdi lahaa dhaqaalaha kasta oo dunida. Waayo, tilmaamahan, dalkuba helay koox ka mid ah hogaamiyayaasha (oo ay la socdaan Maraykanka, Japan iyo Sweden). Goldmine noqday gudbikaraa oo ugu dambeeyay oo saliid ah, kaas oo Russia wadajir ahaa hogaamiyaha dunida u soo saar iyo horumarinta kayd weyn ee Baku mahad.

Meelaha kale ee dhaqaalaha wax soo saarka gudaha qabsadeen meel stably 4aad ama 5aad (iron ore, bir iyo bir, injineernimada, wax soo saarka ee sonkorta iyo D. sida. Tuuray).

Exhibition Industrial All-Ruush

In qarnigii 20aad ee Novgorod Nizhny furay Exhibition Industrial All-Ruush (by socoshada la dhacdooyinka Yurub si fiican u yaqaan). Waxay ahayd halkan in industry ee Ruush lagu qabtay bandhig ah oo ay guusha. Munaasabadan ayaa waxaa uu noqday kaasi oo muddo dheer diyaarinta waxaa loogu talagalay. Waxaa ugu Filan in la xuso in si gaar ah loogu talagalay bandhiga in Nizhny Novgorod la bilaabay taraamka korontada ee ugu horeeyey ee waasicinnay oo dhan of Russia.

Munaasabadan ayaa waxaa maalgeliyey Emperor Nicholas II. Waxaa ka mid ah qabanqaabiyeyaasha bandhiga ahaayeen ganacsatada ugu guulaha badan waqtiga: .. Savva Morozov, Savva Mamontov, iwm Waxaa lagu muujiyey guulaha iyo dejinayaan gool cusub ee la casriyeeyo Russia ee qarnigii 20aad.

In Nizhny Novgorod, tabo cusub ayaa loo soo bandhigay. Tusaale ahaan, kooxda martida ugu horeysay arkay hyperboloid munaaraddii-qolof Shukhov Rotunda, radio Popov, iyo sidoo kale gaadhiga ugu horeysay ee wax soo saarka gudaha (baabuur Frese iyo Yakovlev). taambuug Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ka go'an in ay gobollada gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, Nobel Brothers Association ku muujiyeen warshadaha Panorama iyo warshado sifeeya saliidda saliidda ee Baku. Waxaan ka wada hadleen dhibaatooyinka la casriyeeyo Russia ee qarnigii 20aad. Sidoo kale qandaraasyada iyo heshiisyada u dhexeeya soo saarayaasha iyo soo saarka.

dhibaatooyinka

Inkastoo oo dhan guulaha kor ku xusan, waxaa kaloo jiray dhibaatooyinka casriyeynta of Russia ee qarnigii 20aad. dalka Ree danbeeyaan kooxda hogaanka heysa dunida marka la eego wax soo saarka per capita. Tiradaas waxaa si gaar ah u adag dhacay macaamilka final. Sababtoo ah tani waxay ahayd dakhli yar yahay ganacsiga caalamiga ah (1 billion 286 million rubles). tiradaasi Tani waxa ay ahayd 5 jeer ka hooseeya heerka Maraykanka, ama England. Guud ahaan, ayuu wuxuu u dhigmaa heerka yar Belgium.

Dhibaatooyinka casriyeynta Ruush ee qarnigii 20aad, jiifay ee xaqiiqda ah in dalka ahaa mid xun on heerka guud ee caasimada gudahood dhaqaalaha. Si ay u sii horumariyaan warshadaha, dawladda iyo ganacsatada leeyihiin lacagtii loo baahnaa. Waxay diyaar u yihiin by amaahashada meelo kale. Qiyaastii kala bar caasimada gudaha in la helo on credit gelin sannadahaas. maal-gashadayaasha ajnabiga dhulka, gobollada oo dhan kiciyey. Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, waxa ay aheyd weysada Donbass. Way u aasaasay kharash ku maal-British iyo Faransiis.

deynta gobolka

Isla mar ahaantaana, saamiga lacagta shisheeye ee dhaqaalaha la bilowgii qarnigii cusub ayaa si joogto ah hoos. Features of casriyeynta Ruush jiifay ee xaqiiqada ah in gobolka la sii kordheysa tixgalinayo in suuqa gudaha, ay sabab u tahay taas oo ay deynta ku dhacay, iyo gudaha, by la barbardhigo, ku soo koray. Wixii la barbardhigo - in waqti isku mid ah in France bixinta bonds khasnadda ku qaataan ilaa saddexaad ee miisaaniyadda, halka Russia - oo ku saabsan 15%.