The dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay ahaayeen ... The dhirta marka hore dhulka

Waxaan, saffarro, wax yar baa laga og yahay wakiilada koowaad ee dunida geedka. Nasiib darro, fossils ay heleen wax yar. Laakiin saynisyahano, iyadoo la isticmaalayo imprints fossilized ka tagay by dhirta qadiimiga ah, weli dib u muuqashadii, iyo sidoo kale dib u eegay sifooyinka of qaab dhismeedka of dhirta, noqonaysa tii ugu horreysay dadka dalka deggan.

Science in daraasaad muuqaalada ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka iyo hawlaha dhirta lafo loo yaqaan "paleobotanist." paleobotanists Waxay ku hawlan raadinta jawaabaha su'aalaha ku saabsan asalka ah ee dunida geedka.

Qoondaynta oo ah dhirta spore

The dhirta ugu horeysay on Earth dhuftay kudka. Ka mid ah flora casriga ah ayaa sidoo kale dhirta spore ah. Sida laga soo xigtay kala soocidda, waxay isku jira waxaa hal group - ka "dhirta spore sare." Waxay soo bandhigay Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (Horsetail) iyo Polipodiofitami (ferns). Ka mid ah, kuwaas oo saddex qaybood marka hore si buuxda u bakhtiyeen, iyo kuwa kale ayaa ka kooban sida bakhtiyeen, oo hadda kooxaha hadda jira.

Rhyniophyta - dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay

The dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay ahaayeen wakiillo ka flora ah, addoonsada Dhulka Years ku saabsan 450 million. Ago. Waxay koray in guddiyo kala duwan oo biyo ah ama beerta ku biyo-gacmeed, kaas oo lagu gartaa reheating wareegsan iyo ilaa qalajiyo dhow.

dhirta oo dhan ayaa dalka guuleysto, waxaa jira calaamad caadi ah. Tani qeybinta jirka oo laba qaybood - ku-dhulka kor ku xusan iyo dhulka hoostiisa. Tani waxa ay ahayd qaab-dhismeedka caan ku Rhyniophyta.

The hadhaagii dhirta qadiimiga ah oo markii ugu horraysay laga helay qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX ee gayiga casriga ah Kanada. Laakiin sababo aan la garanayn, raadinta tani ma aha xiiso xirfadlayaasha-botanists. Iyo sanadkii 1912, meel u dhow tuulada Scottish dhakhtar tuulada deegaanka Rayni helay dhowr dhirta fossilized. Mana uu ogayn waxa haya hadhaagii kuwii ugu horreeyey ee dalka, laakiin, isagoo aad u cajiib ah, waxaan go'aansaday inaan gudidoodu daahfurka xiiso leh. Ka dib markii cut, wuxuu ka helay hadhaagii si fiican u sii raagayaan ee dhirta. stem waxay ahayd mid aad u dhuuban, u dhashay, iyo ku daraa ayaa ku lifaaqan geedi socodka kiish (sida, kuul elongated) leh oo ay derbiyo aad u qaro weyn. Warbixin ku saabsan daahfurka si deg deg ah gaaray paleobotanists iyo ogaaday in hadhaagii ka heleen waa dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay. Waxaa jiray shaki ah oo ku saabsan magaca oo ka mid ah hadhaagii qadiimiga ah. Laakiinse aakhirkeedu wuxuu waxaan go'aansaday inaan aado oo kaliya tago oo magacowdeen dhirta bakhtiyeen Rhyniophyta magaca tuulada, meel u dhow kaas oo wuxuu iyagii ka helay.

muuqaalada dhismaha

Qaab dhismeedka Dibadda Rhyniophyta aad u heer hoose ah. Jirku wuxuu of nooca curso forked, in uu yahay, laba qaybood. Leaves iyo xididdada joogo, iyagu ma ay weli. Lifaaqaaya dhulka ku qaadeen isticmaalaya rhizoids. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo qaabka gudaha, waxaa la, on lid ku ah, waxay ahayd arrin adag, gaar ahaan marka la barbar dhigo algae. Sayidka, dhar iyo dedkii ahaa qalab stomatal, kaas oo geedi socodkii sarrifka gaaska iyo uumi biyaha. Iyadoo loo la'aanta unugyada farsamo, dhirta ugu horeysay ee adduunka ahaayeen yar in height (50 cm) iyo dhexroorka of asliga ah (oo ku saabsan 0.5 cm).

Paleobotanists rumaysan yihiin in dhammaan dhirta dalka casriga ah waxaad fartaan ka Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay. Waa run?

Saas ma aha ee ma jiro oon ahayn haa. Magaca "psilophytes" dhab ahaantii is tusay xataa 1859. Waa Dawson ka palaeobotanist American magacaabay mid ka mid ah dhirta helay. Wuxuuna doortay Doorashadan, sida in tarjumaadda erayga macnihiisu yahay "warshad qaawan." Ilaa bilowgii psilophytes qarnigii XX yeedhay panulirus dhirta qadiimiga ah. Laakiin natiijada noocan oo kale ah hanti-follow-up uu joogsaday si uu u jiro, iyo isticmaalka magacaas ayaa noqodo. Halkaa marka ay marayso panulirus si buuxda tilmaamay Reania siinayaa magaca waaxda oo dhan ugu da'da weyn ee flora jidhadhka dhulka. Sidaa darteed, dhirta dalka hore waxaa ku jiray Rhyniophyta.

wakiilada caadiga ah ee dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay

Ajnabiga, dhirta dalka hore waxaa ku jiray Cookson iyo Reania.

Mid ka mid ah wakiilada ugu qadiimiga ah flora ahaa Cookson, kaas oo lahaa muuqaalka kore ee height baadiyaha yar oo aan ka badnayn 7 cm. Of jawi suurto koritaanka ay ahayd dhulka kaneecada. Fossils Cookson iyo noocyada ay la xiriira oo laga helay Czech Republic, Maraykanka iyo meelo ka mid ah West Siberia.

Close ee qaraabonimo, Reania aad u fiican bartay badan Cookson. Its jirka ka weyn: height warshad lagu gaadhi karo ilaa 50 cm, iyo dhexroorka of asliga ah - 5 mm. Dhamaadka asliga ahaa qubbad rinii, meeshaas waxaa ku yiil khilaafaadka.

wakiilada da'da Reania siiyey kor u dhirta badan ee tropics iyo subtropics. Sida laga soo xigtay soocidda casriga ah, waxay ka mideysan yihiin waaxda psilophytes. Waxaa aad u yar, dhab ahaantii waxaa ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 20 noocyada. In la eego qaar ka mid ah ay aad ula mid yihiin awowayaashood. Gaar ahaan, labadaba waxay leeyihiin branching ah curso. Psilophytes height qiyaas ah 25 ilaa 40 cm.

natiijooyinka casri ah

Ilaa dhawaan, paleontologists helay in korsiiya ka weyn yahay 425 milyan oo sano, kaliya hadhaagii muran triletnyh heer hoose leh qolof ah oo siman. waa helaa noocan oo kale ah laga helay soohdinta reer Turkey. Waxay waxaa loo Ordovician Sare. items helin iftiinka daadiyaan karaa wakhtiga dhicitaanka ee dhirta vascular, sidii ay ahaayeen dhif ah oo ay ahayd si buuxda cadda sida saxda ah sameeyey wakiilada noocyada dhirta waxaa iska lahaa la simi kudka.

Laakiin sidaas ma aha dheer ka hor ka haray ee muranka triletnyh la isku halayn karo leh qolof ornamented laga helay Saudi Arabia. Waxaa la go'aamiyey in da'da oo ka mid ah baarka ka helay u dhaxeysa 444 450 million. Years.

The dhirta vascular ubax ka dib markii glaciation

In qeybtii labaad ee hadda Ordovician Saudi Arabia iyo Turkey tiriyaa qaybta waqooyi ee supercontinent ku Gondwana. Tani, sida muuqata, wuxuu ahaa aagga degaanka asalka ah ee dhirta vascular. muddo taariikhi ah Long ay ku noolaayeen oo kaliya in uu "u ishaartay xaggiisa evolutionary," halka caalamka deggan yahay wakiillo ka heer hoose la kriptosporami ajaa ay. Inta badan, dib u dejinta mass ee dhirta vascular bilaabay ka dib markii glaciation weyn oo ka dhacay Warega oo ka mid ah Ordovician iyo Silurian.

aragti telome

In koorsada of daraasadda waxaa jiray wax-u Rhyniophyta aragti telome ah, taas oo la abuuray by botanist Jarmalka Zimmermann. Waxay shaaca ka qaaday muuqaalada dhismaha Rhyniophyta, taas oo markii loo aqoonsaday dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay. Zimmermann ayaa lagu muujiyay iyo jidka la filayaa inuu noqdo daaqsinka muhiim ah iyo xubnaha taranka ee dhirta sare.

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmiga Jarmalka jirka Rhyniophyta koobnaa a faasas radially symmetrical, laamaha terminal kuwaas oo Zimmerman jidhka ee loo yaqaan (ka telos Greek -. "Dhamaadka").

Jidka Evolutionary jidhka, isagoo maray isbedel badan waxay ahaayeen xubnaha ugu muhiimsan ee dhirta sare: afkoda, caleemaha, xididdada, sporophylls.

Haddaba sidaas daraaddeed si cad aad ka jawaabi kartaa su'aasha ah "Maxay yihiin dhirta dalkii ugu horeeyay?". Maanta, jawaabta waa iska cadahay. Waxay ahaayeen Rhyniophyta. Waxay marka hore soo baxay on oogada Dhulka iyo noqotay progenitors oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka casriga ah ee flora ah, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in ay qaab-dhismeedka dibadda iyo gudaha ay ahaayeen heer hoose ah.