Taariikhda sawir ee Russia. photos First iyo kamaradaha

waxay doonayaan in ay qabsadaan waqtiyada nolosha, dhaca qofka ama dunida isaga ku wareegsan, ayaa mar walba jiraye. Tani waxay sidoo kale waa sawirro dhagaxa, iyo farshaxanka. In ka farshaxankiisa ah fanaaniinta gaar ahaan mahad ku sax iyo si faahfaahsan, awood u leh inay qabsadaan shay in a muuqaal wanaagsan, iftiin, mari palette midabka, hoosku. Waayo, shaqada sida inta badan qaatay bilood oo shaqo ah. Waa rabitaanka this, iyo waxay doonayaan waa in la yareeyo waqtiga oo noqday wadadii uu abuurista qaab farshaxan this, sida sawir.

dhalashada ee sawir

Qarnigii IV ee BC Aristotle, aqoonyahan caanka ah ee Giriigii hore, ayaa xusay xaqiiqada cajiib ah in iftiinka sifeeyo iyada oo god yar ee shutter ee daaqadda, ku cel-hoosku derbiga dul waxaad ka arki kartaa Axdiga Hore muuqaalka dibadda uu furmo suuqa.

Dheeraad ah, ee treatises ah aqoonyahaniinta ka yimid dalalka Carabta bilaabaa in uu in loo gudbiyo weedha obscura camera, macno ahaan la micno ah "qolka mugdi ah." Tani cadeeyay inuu yahay qalab qaab sanduuq la god hore, taasi oo ka kaas oo ay suurto gal u noqday si ay u sameeyaan rubbings weli innoogu iyo muuqaalka. Later hagaagtay sanduuqa, bixinta dhaqaaqin toortaha iyo siku, taas oo suurto gal ah in fokusatsiyu sawirka.

Thanks to sifooyinka cusub, sawirka noqday badan cad, iyo qalabka loo yaqaan "qol iftiin", in uu yahay, lucina camera. technology fudud sida ayaa inoo ogolaatay in ay bartaan sida si ay u eegaan Arkhangelsk dhexe ee qarnigii XVII. Iyadoo ay gargaar, rajo magaalada ayaa laga soo saarey, waa sax.

Marxaladaha horumarinta sawir

In qarnigii XIX by Yuusuf Niepce la Been abuurtay by habka of sawir, oo wuxuu u bixiyey photogravure. Qaadashada habkan ka dhacay iftiinka qoraxda dhalaalaya iyo sii waday ilaa 8 saacadood. Its nuxurka waa sida soo socota:

• qaaday saxan bir ah kaas oo la dahaarka leh kula xamuurada bituminous.

• saxan waa hoos-gaadhista toos ah oo ay iftiinka dhalaalaya, sababtoo ah taas oo varnish aan la kala diri. Laakiin habkan ayaa loo sineyn oo ku xiran xoogga light at xarun kasta oo ku.

• Markaas saxan la daaweeyaa dareeraha ah.

• Ka dib Acid Iambarrada.

Sidaas darteed, manipulations oo dhan ka dhacay gargaarka, hannaankii xardhay xabbad canjeero ah. Tallaabada xigta muhiim ah in horumarinta sawir ahaa daguerreotype ah. Magaca jidkiisa si aad u hesho magaca ay hindisa Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, kan kara si aad u hesho image ah on saxan oo lacag ah, loola dhaqmo si uumiga iodine ah.

Habka socda ahaa calotypy soo hindiseen Genri Talbotom. Faa'iidada ee habkan uu awood u leeyahay inuu sameeyo koobiyada image isla, kaas oo, markeeda, waxaa soo saari on warqad lagu cufay cusbo lacag ah.

yiqiin ayaa marka hore la farshaxanka sawir ee Russia

Taariikhda sawir Ruush ayaa socday in ka badan qarni badh. Oo sheekadan waxaa ka buuxa dhacdooyin kala duwan iyo xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh. Thanks to dadka dalka u furan yahay farshaxanka sawir, waxa aan arki karnaa Russia dhex askunmay waqtiga, sida ay ahayd sannado badan ka hor.

Taariikhda sawir ee Russia ka bilaabma 1839. Waxay ahayd markaa xubin ka mid ah Ruushka Academy of Sciences J. Hamal u tageen inay Britain, halkaas oo uu kula kulmay calotypy habka, Akhriya si faahfaahsan. Markaas ayuu u soo diray sharaxaad faahfaahsan. Oo sawiro horeysay qaaday jidka calotypy la helay, kuwaas oo wali lagu hayaa ee Academy of Sciences in qadarka 12 gogo '. In sawirada jiro saxiixa ah hindisa ee habka, Talbot.

Ka dib markii in, in France Hamal yaqaano Daguerre, hoostooda hanuun uu shaqsi ahaan ka dhigaysa darbo qaar ka mid ah. Academy of Sciences, ee September 1841 warqad u soo Hamal helay, taas oo, sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, markii ugu horaysay la dhigtay nooca Photo. Made in Paris on sawir - tiradaasi dumar ah.

Ka dib markii in, farshaxanka sawir ee Russia laga bilaabo si loo helo dardar si degdeg ah horumarinta. In qarniyadii XIX iyo XX sawir of Russia bilaabay on xaq guud oo ka qeyb bandhigyo sawir iyo hoosooyinka fasalka caalamiga ah, kaas oo helay abaalgudyada la qaderiyo iyo abaal-marinno qaadan, waxay leeyihiin xubin ka ah beelaha kala duwan.

Talbot habka

Taariikhda sawir ee Russia ayaa loo sameeyey si dadka Diplomasiyiinta xiiso qaab farshaxan cusub mahad. Sidaas ahaa Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, botanist caanka Ruush iyo farmashiyaha. Waxay ka adkaan Talbot Habka koowaad waa in la helo xun on warqad photosensitive raacay by it daabacaadda xaashi daaweeyaa cusbada oo lacag ah oo wuxuu ku muujiyey in iftiinka qoraxda.

Fritzsche qaaday photos marka hore calotypy-warshad ka baxo, ka dibna u tageen inay akadama of Sciences ee St. Petersburg ee May 1839 warbixin. Waxa uu ku sheegay in uu yahay habka calotypy haboon imprinting waxyaabaha planar. Tusaale ahaan, habka ku haboon yahay in ay masawirada ee warshadda asalka usii ee lagama maarmaanka u ah cilmi barasho dhir.

Contribution J. Fritzsche

taariikhda Fritzsche Sababo of sawir ee Russia qaaday tallaabo ka fog, waayo, wuxuu soo jeediyay in la bedelo giposulfat sodium, kaas oo la isticmaalay si loo horumariyo Talbot image ah, waayo, ammonia badan calotypy si weyn u la casriyeeyay, hagaajinta tayada image. Julius Fedorovich sidoo kale ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee dalka iyo mid ka mid ah ugu horeysay ee adduunka, kuwaas oo cilmi baaris ah oo ku saabsan sawir iyo farshaxanka sawir.

Alexey Grekov iyo "qol tahay"

Taariikhda sawir ee Russia sii, iyo kuwa soo socda ay gacan horumarka la sameeyey by Alexey Grekov. Moscow hindisa iyo wax xardha, wuxuu ahaa sayid horeysay Ruush ah sawir iyo baasana calotypy iyo daguerreotypes. Oo haddii aad weydiisaa su'aasha ah waxa ay ahaayeen kaamirooyin ugu horeysay ee Russia, waa war abuurashadoodii ah Grekov, "Qolka tahay", in la oran karo waa sida sida.

camera The ugu horeysay, uu abuuray 1840, kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u tayo sare leh-, la sawiro sawirka macaamiloon wanaagsan ma noqon karaan in dad badan oo isku dayaya in ay gaaraan sawir. Gariigba abuurtay kursi la Barkimo gaar ah oo ay taageerayaan madaxa la sawiro, u ogolaanin in aan daalin inta lagu guda jiro fadhi dheer, oo ilaaliyaan meel go'an. Oo nin kursiga in ay wali waqti dheer: 23 daqiiqo ee iftiinka qoraxda dhalaalaya oo maalintii daruuro leh - oo dhan 45.

sayidkiisa Grekov of sawir waxaa loo arkaa inay Russia ee ugu horeysay tahay sawir-portraitist. Gaaraan sawiro sawirka quruxda badan baa isaga uga hiiliyey oo iyaga abuurtay fotoustroystvo ka kooban qol alwaax, galay, taas oo iftiin ma ay lahayn. Laakiin sanduuqan la magacaabay ayaa laga yaabaa kasta oo kale oo ku laabto goobta. At sanduuqa dibadda on qaybta hore ee gashto waxaa ku lifaaqan, waa shay. In saxan sanduuqa hoose ahaa xasaasi ah oo ay iftiinka. By kala duwan masaafada u dhexeysa sanduuqyada, in uu yahay, iyaga dhaqaaqin midba kan kale ka, ama qeybsanaan ku xigeenka, waxa suurto gal ahayd in la gaaro macaamiloon ka image doonayo.

Sergeya Levitskogo tabarruc

Qofka soo socda iyada oo loo marayo taas oo taariikhda sawir ee Russia sii waday in ay si degdeg ah u horumariyaan, wuxuu ahaa Sergei Levitsky. In taariikhda sawir Ruush ahaayeen dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk iyo Kislovodsk, wuxuu ku sameeyey Caucasus. Iyo sidoo kale bilada dahabka ah ee bandhiga farshaxanka qabtay Paris, halkaas oo uu sawirrada si aad tartanka diray.

Sergey Levitsky ayaa safka hore ka mid ah sawir qaadayaasha, kaasoo ku bixiyeen in la beddelo hortegi lahaa madaxtooyada for filim. Waxa kale oo ay go'aansatay in ay fuliyaan retouching sawiro sawirka iyo diidmo si loo yareeyo ama gebi ahaan meesha laga saaro ayna duleella u farsamo, haddii ay jiraan.

Levitsky tagay Italy ee 1845, go'aan ka si kor loogu qaado heerka aqoonta iyo xirfadaha berrinkii daguerreotype. Wuxuu ka dhigaa pictures of Rome, iyo sidoo kale sawiro sawirka ah fanaaniinta Ruush ah oo halkaasi ku noolaa. Oo 1847, la Timaadda camera leh dhogorta ah oo laabma, codsanaya dhogorta ka qalab muusiik ah. Innovation ogol yahay camera ah si ay u noqdaan mobile dheeraad ah, kuwaas oo si weyn u saamaysay ballaarinta fursadaha sawirayo.

Waxa uu mar hore in Russia Sergey Levitsky laabtay sawir xirfadle, furay St. Petersburg daguerreotype workshop u gaar ah "rinjiyeynta Light". Marka ay sidoo kale dukaan ku leh ururinta qani ku ah Wehbe ah fanaaniinta Ruush, qorayaasha iyo dadka caanka ah furmay. Daraasaddu waxay of farshaxanka sawir, uusan ka tago, sii in siman bartaan isticmaalka iftiinka korontada iyo waxaa isku la Qorraxda iyo saamaynta ay ku images ah.

raad Ruush ee sawir

Fanka sayidkiisa sawir,, alifay iyo aqoonyahanno ka Russia ayaa kaalin weyn oo taariikhda sawir iyo horumarinta. Tusaale ahaan, ka mid ah aasaasayaasha noocyo cusub oo kamarado lagu yaqaan qoyska Ruush sida Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Xitaa Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev waxaa si firfircoon uga qayb, ku hawlan dhibaatooyinka af iyo qoraal ah ee photos soo saarta. Iyo si wadajir ah ula Sreznevsky waxay istaageen asalka ah waaxda sawiro at Ruush Technical Society ah.

Si weyn loo yaqaan guulaha sayid dhalaalaya oo sawir Ruush, kaas oo la gelin karaa on par leh Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Wuxuu ahaa Abuuraha reer album ugu horeeyay ee la Wehbe of caan saynisyahano, dhakhaatiirta, safarka ah, qorayaasha iyo fanaaniinta. sawir A Alexander Karelin ogaaday Europe oo dhan, oo wuxuu galay taariikhda sawir sida aasaase ee sahanka qoyska ka mid ah nooca ah.

Horumarinta ee sawir ee Russia

Interest in sawir dhamaadka qarnigii XIX ah ayaa kor u kacay ka mid ah xirfadlayaasha ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale ka mid ah dadka caadiga ah. Oo 1887 sano, ayuu la sii daayay "oo sawirkaagu ku Bulletin" magazine, kaas oo macluumaad la ururiyey by qoro, walxuhu kiimikada, hababka sawiro processing, xogta afka baarkiisa.

Laakiin ka hor inta kacaanka ee Russia in ay galaan sawir farshaxanka ayaa la heli karaa oo kaliya in tiro yar oo ah dadka, maxaa yeelay, ku dhowaad mid ka mid ahaa dalka alifay camera ayaa aanay suurtagelin in ay iyaga saaro heer warshadeed.

In 1919, V. I. Lenin soo saaray amar lagu dhaqaaqo warshadaha sawiro gacanta ugu Commissariat Shacabka, iyo in 1929 ay bilaabeen in ay la abuuro qalab sawir light-xasaasi ah, ka dibna la heli karo dhammaan. Oo camera ugu horeysay ee gudaha "Photocor" muuqataa in 1931.

Doorka ugu sayid Ruush, fanka ganaax, alifay ee horumarinta sawir weyn oo degan meel istaahilo ee taariikhda dunida ka mid ah sawir.