Taariikhda bangiga ee. Bank: sida uu ku abuuray?

Banks dadka siin faa'iidooyin la dafiri karin. Waxay ku ururto lacagaha, sameeyaan xawaalad lacag bixinta oo kala duwan, deyn iyo u adeega qaybaha kala duwan ee securities. In dib u eegis this, taariikhda ah ee bangiyada la tixgelin doonaa.

Asalkii bangiyada

The galayaan amaah ugu horeysay bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan xitaa wakhtiyadii hore. Waxay siiyeen dadka iyaga u gaar ah in qiimaha deynta la waajib ku ah in ay iyaga ku soo laabto waqti cayiman oo leh dulsaar ka dib. Ka dib markii in bilaabay in ay sameeyaan hay'adaha maaliyadeed in qabtaan hawlaha kala duwan la waxyaabaha qiimaha leh. Waxaa asalkiisu ka soo jeedo sida taariikhda bangiga ee.

Bank ( «banko») ka hab Talyaani "miiska lacag caddaan ah" tarjumay. Jirku wuxuu ugu horeysay ee dareenka casriga ah waxay bilaabeen inay Genoa Bank (1407). In England, hay'adda ugu horeysay ee dhaqaale waxaa la abuuray 1664, ka dibna isla markiiba waxay bilaabeen inay in la fuliyo ganacsiga iyo siyaasadda dhaqaalaha. In Mareykanka, dhacdadan ka dhacay 1781 (la dhalashada ee Bank of Philadelphia).

ah ee bangiyada ee Russia

Taariikhda ah ee bangiyada ee dalkeenna ayaa ku leh xidido ka 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin sameeyey isku day ah in la dhiso urur ee su'aasha, laakiin dadaal uu lama ansixiyay xukuumadda. Fikradda lagu gaadhay in 1733, inta lagu guda jiro dowladda Anny Ioanovny, taas oo loo ogol yahay in ay soo saaraan credit. In 1754, markii Elizabeth ee St. Petersburg abuuray gobolka iyo Merchant Bank. Software ayaa loo arkaa alaab ama haysashada serfs, iyo sidoo kale dammaanad ka mid ah dadka hodanka ah. In 1757, wareegga ah ee biilasha soo bandhigay in Russia. In 1769, inta lagu guda jiro dowladda ee Catherine II ayaa la soo bandhigay raso. Waqti ka, taariikhda maamulka maaliyadeed Ruush waxaa kaabaya horumarka cusub.

Warbixin ku saabsan formation of bangiyada ganacsiga

Taariikhda bilaabmaa bangiyada ganacsiga ee la soo dhaafay ka fog. Ururku wuxuu ugu horeysay waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1817. Waxaa loogu talagalay baayacmushtariyaashii iyo kuwii fuliyay xawaalad nabay, lacagaha. Later yimid awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro credit muddo gaaban loogu talagalay qeybta wax soo saarka, iyo ganacsatada qaadan karto deyn waayo shaqeeyo maalgelinta caasimada, arrimood ee wax soo saarka, mushaaraadka. Si tartiiba u siyaadi eego credit ah.

In Russia, bangiga ugu horeeyay ee ganacsi ee u muuqday in St. Petersburg (1864). caasimada Its idman waa 5 million. rubles. Si rasmi ah diiwaan bangiyada bilaabay August 1888. Waxay saamayn xaaladda dhaqaale ee gobolka, laakiin markii ugu horeysay ee loo isticmaalo kalsoonida aad u yar iyo dad badan oo aan ugu dhici waayay inaan halkaas maal kaydka ay. Waqti ka, xaaladda bedelay, iyo macaamiisha ayaa inta badan noqdaan codsan in bangiyada ganacsiga, si ay u noqdaan kuwo ka badan oo caan ah. Xataa in dalka our sannadka oo dhan waxaa jiray 43. In mustaqbalka, tirada this ayaa kor u kacay.

Later, laba sharciyo la qaatay, taas oo wargeliyo oo ku saabsan shuruudaha furitaanka bangiga iyo hababka gacanta. Loo qaaday fulinta fal nidaamka bangiyada laba-tier, madax Bangiga Dhexe bilaabay inuu hadlo. History sii dhammaystira oo horumarka cusub: ururada ganacsiga heshay aqoonsi madax bannaan si ay u soo jiitaan lacag dhigaal ah. Waxa ay si sharci ah loo ogol yahay inay ka qayb qaataan siyaasadda credit ah, iyo sidoo kale in ay leeyihiin dulsaarka ay. Inta laga helay ururka xaq u leeyihiin inay fuliyaan xawaalad sarifka lacagaha qalaad ku salaysan documentary ah. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in taariikhda bangiyo ganacsi hodan ku ah isbedel, qaab-dhismeedka jirkooda dhaqaale ayaa weli si joogta ah.

Formation of nidaamka bangiyada. 1-dii iyo marxaladaha 2aad

Russia ilaa hadda ka dambeeya dalalka reer galbeedka ee Ree, sidaas horumarinta ee bangiyada ka dhacay dhowr marxaladood. marka hore wuxuu ku bilaabmaa abuuritaanka amaah uu bixinayo Baanka Gobolka (qarnigii XVIII) waxana uu socdaa ilaa 1860. Tan iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha loo baahan yahay ballaarinta fursadaha credit, durba 1754 bangiyada, waayo, dadkii ku abtirsan iyo baayacmushtariyadii ayaa waxaa la aasaasay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bulk of deyn aan la soo noqdeen, oo sidaas daraaddeed ururadan joojiyay howlahooda.

In marxaladda labaad (1860-1917g.) Waxaa la aasaasay Bank State of Russia, waqti isku mid ah, kuwaas oo la furay badan bulshada credit. In 1872, in nidaamka bangiyada ka koobnayd dhulka magaalooyinka dadweynaha iyo hay'adaha gaarka ah. In 1880, waxaa jiray 49 laamood, 83 societies credit, 729 kaydka iyo ururada amaah, bangiyo ganacsi oo 32. Waxaa jiray xafiisyada, dukaamo sarrifka, guryaha ganacsiga.

ballaarinta nidaamka bangiyada. stage 3aad-5aad

Dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka hortagi koritaanka firfircoon ee hawlaha bangiyada, laakiin ka dib markii dhamaadka colaad, ayay si tartiib ah u soo kabsaday. Marxaladda saddexaad waxay yimaadeen ee 1917 iyo ilaa 1930. Ka dib habeynta ee qaab-dhismeedka bangiyada ee bangiga State ee RSFSR ee (1921) ee. Waxaa la aasaasay, shirkadaha stock wadajir ah, qaybaha iyo hay'adaha maaliyadda gobolka. Waxaa la sameeyay badan oo lagu kaydiyo lacag cusub.

Marxaladda afaraad (1932-1987g.) Waxaa jiray bangi oo muddo gaaban deyn qaran ah nidaamka maalgelinta raasamaalka. Muddadan, kaydka lacageed u kacay inuu 968 billion. Xoq. oo dhalin ah hay'adaha maalgelinta amaahda ugu horeysay, bixinta amaahda xaqiijisatay by hantida maguurtada ah.

Tallaabada shanaad waa ka 1988 ilaa wakhtiga la joogo. In muddo this waxaa jiray horumar tartiib tartiib ah nidaamka bangiyada. Waxa uu noqday badan oo horumarsan, tan iyo kordhay tirada laamood ee dalka iyo dibadda. siyaasadda bangiga dhexe waxaa loogu talagalay xasiloonida ee nidaamka bangiyada.

Sidee leeyahay-Alfa Bank? (1990-2002)

Taariikhda "Alfa-Bank" bilaabataa 1990. Wixii afar sano, kaabayaasha, waxaa la sameeyay, macaamiisha ugu horeysay iyo la-hawlgalayaasheeda. Bishii Agoosto 1995, dhibaato suuqa isku xidhka ee. Thanks si loo saxo siyaasadda maaliyadda iyo habka awooda maaraynta hantida, la xoojiyo xasiloonida dhaqaale, muddo this ma saamayn ah "Alfa-Bank", kaas oo si guul ah ku sii wadaan in ay helaan kalsoonida la-hawlgalayaasha Ruush ah iyo kuwa shisheeye.

"Alfa-Bank", xogta taariikheed tan iyo 1997

In 1997-1998, hay'ad maaliyadeed ee su'aasha ayaa lagu qabtay jagooyinka sare ee dhammaan ururada rating caalami ah oo waaweyn iyo ugu horeysay ee ka mid ah tartanka ay soo saartay Eurobonds. Muddadan, waxaa jiray urur la ganacsiga, "Alfa Capital" (shirkad maalgashi). Waxaa muuqatay sida ha'adda ah LLC "Alfa-Bank". Sanadkii 1999, koritaanka dareemi ganacsiga iyo horumar ah ee network gobolka. Laba sano ka dib, "Alfa-Bank" sii wadaan in ay ballaadhiyaan, oo suuqa gudaha waxaa jiray summad ka "Alfa Caymiska".

Sidee sameeyey ee "Alfa-Bank" ka dib 2002?

In 2003-2007, sheekada "Alfa-Bank" waxaa kaabaya isbeddellada cusub: ballaarinta laamood, soo saarista Eurobonds u jideeyey, abuuridda of version cusub ee "Alfa-Forex" bogga internetka. laanta koowaad ee format tafaariiqda cusub furay Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. Muddadan uu aasaasay adeegga bangi Internet "Alpha-riix" aasaasay "Alfa TV" iyo nidaamka video shirarka a. Hagaajinta booska in rating credit iyo abaalmarinta cusub ka helay.

In 2008-2012, waxaa jiray horumar cusub: daayo kaararka lacagta MasterCard iyo Umembossed, baxdo diirada barnaamijka maalgelinta shirkadaha ee dhalmo jumlada ah baabuurta, abuurista kaarka ku tilmaamay credit, xafiisyada cusub u furan yihiin. Waxaa jiray codsi bangiyada casriga ah iyo Android, teknoolajiyada cusub iyo in la hagaajiyo ayaa lagu soo bandhigay a. Waxaan u adeegi jireen badan ee abaal-marinno iyo abaalmarino.

xogta taariikheed kooban oo ku saabsan Bank of Moscow

Bank of Moscow, kuwaas oo taariikhda taariikhda dib u guga ee 1994, waxaa markii hore ka diiwaangashan sida ganacsi ah. Later, ururka uu helay bilado badan, oo waxay bilaabeen inay qaadaan magaca "Bank of Moscow" sanadkii 2004.

Bishii Abriil 2010, on amarka Yuriya Luzhkova bangiga ka miisaaniyadda magaalada ayaa loo qoondeeyay 7.5 bln. Rubles arrinta saamiyada, 47% ka mid ah, kuwaas oo loo iibiyey VTB waayo. Bank Tafaariiqda Maaliyadda helay 2010 Award "Financial Olympus" oo ku guuleystay "suuqa maalgashiga wadajirka ah" tartanka sanadlaha saddexaad. Taasi waa sida sheekada waxaad fartaan Wannaagga Bank.

Bank of Moscow ayaa haatan wakiil gobollada ku dhow badan oo Russia. Sida of 04.01.2014 gobollada hawlgala unit 172, iyo in Moscow iyo gobolka 136 xafiisyada ku yaalaan. Ururka ayaa ah shabakad ka baxsan dalka: in Ukraine waxaa jira ee "BM Bank", in Estonia, "ayuu Istooniyaan Credit Bank."

Xogta ku saabsan Bangiga Dhexe ee sannadka 1990-2003

History of bangiyada ayaa warbixin ku saabsan Bangiga Dhexe. Wuxuu aasaasay 13/07/1990 oo markii hore loo yaqaan Bank State ee RSFSR ah. Dhawr bilood ka dib yimid si ay u dhiso unug sharci ah urur maaliyadeed.

In 1991-1992 sanadka, aasaasay shabakad ballaaran ururada ganacsiga, waxaa dhacay isbadalo nidaamka xisaabta, la aasaasay KDP (xarumaha dejinta lacagta caddaanka ah), bandhigay computerization. Muddada hoos u eegis ahaa bilowgii soo iibinta iyo sale of lacagaha qalaad iyo xigashooyin rakibaadda ka dhanka ah Ruble ah.

Taariikhda Baanka (Bank of Russia) ayaa xogta soo socda: in 1992-1995 sanadka, aasaasay nidaam kormeer iyo kormeerka ururada ganacsiga si ay u xasilin nidaamka bangiyada. Iyadoo Bilowgii hore ee dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale ee (1998), ee Bank of Russia dhibtaada si loo horumariyo shaqada ee meydadka ganacsi iyo dhaqaale ay u kordhin lahaayeen hantidooda.

In 2003, tixgeliyo ururka ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay galaan mashruuc si loo hagaajiyo kormeerka bangiyada iyo warbixinta Prudential. Si looga hortago overpricing macmal ama underpricing heerarka khasab ah in sanadka soo socda waxaa la ansixiyay tiro ka mid ah xeerarka.

Bangiga Dhexe, horumarinta 2005 ilaa 2011

Sannadkii 2005, Bangiga Dhexe, kuwaas oo taariikhda waa dan u badan, ayaa laftiisa dhigay ujeedooyinka soo socda: si loo xoojiyo ilaalinta danaha maal, si loo kordhiyo awoodda tartanka, si looga hortago in dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi ee aan cadaalad ahayn, la xoojiyo kalsoonida ah kuwa daynka, bankiga iyo maal. saddex sano oo dhibaato, amaahda hantida maguuraanka ah iyo in la yareeyo hantidooda ee suuqyada caalamiga ah ka dib markii uu is beddelay siyaasadda lacagta. hay'ad maaliyadeed ayaa ku urursan ciidamada si looga hortago kacday tiro ka mid ah ururada.

History of the Bank of Russia wargelinaysaa in si joogta ah jaray dulsaarka ee 2009, oo ay ku jiraan Huang (13% si ay u 8.75%). Waxa asaasay farsamo si ay u taageeraan suuqa xidhka inta lagu jiro xiisadda dhaqaale. The Bank of Russia ayaa la siiyaa deyn in hay'adaha kale ee dhaqaale la'aan ammaanka, laakiin sannad ka dib go'aan ku beddelmay. dulsaarka hoos u dhacay (ka 8.75% ilaa 7,75%). Tan iyo bartamihii 2010-bilaabeen inay kacaan, sicir bararka iyo xiisaha kordhay 0,25%. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, siyaasadda lacagta noqday more adag. Taasi waa sida sheekada waxaad fartaan Wannaagga Bank. The Bank of Russia waqtiga xaadirka sii si loo hagaajiyo hababka dhaqaale iyo hirgelinta nidaamka cusub in loo xaqiijiyo xasiloonida.

Taariikhda bangiyada horumarinta: credit rating

Macaamiisha u socdaan in ay qaataan amaah bangi, waxay u baahan yihiin si ay u bartaan macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan. Ma aha oo kaliya warcelin muhiim ah ka deynsanaya hore, laakiin sidoo kale rating credit ah: sare waa, hay'ad maaliyadeed ka badan la isku halayn karo. All of this waxaa laga heli karaa khayraadka web ku habboon, laakiin qayb ka mid ah macluumaadka, sida of May iyo June 2014 waxaa lagu bixiyaa dib u eegis la joogo.

Ma jiraan bangiyada in soo saari deynta macaamiisha leh taariikh amaah xun?

Qof ka dalban kartaa hay'adaha bangiyada dhexdhexaad ah oo aan u baahan tahay macluumaad ku saabsan lacagaha deggan hore. Sida caadiga ah waa urur dhalinyaro ah, kaas oo ujeedadiisu tahay in uu soo jiito macaamiil qaab kasta. Waxay ku siin karaan lacag, xataa dadka leh taariikh credit arin argagax ah, laakiin waxay sidaas u yeelaan, waayo, nolosha protsenty.Sovremennuyu sare waa adag tahay in la damacsan amaahda aan. Mararka qaarkood, macmiilka aan bixin karin waqtiga lacagta loo baahan yahay (isbeddel ah ee shaqada, hoos, hoos mushaharka, iyo d. Sidaas on.), Iyo xitaa haddii deyn ka dib loo soo celin doono xog-bixinta waxaa soo galay database gaar ah, war ku saabsan unreliability ee muwaadinka. Haddaad mar kale uu u baahan doontaa inaad qaadato deyn, wax kasta oo waxa laga yaabaa in lagu soo hagaajiyaa bangiyada oo leh taariikh credit xun waa mid aad u adag tahay in mar kale qaadato amaah ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka mid ah xaaladda ay tani tahay.

technology Banking aan weli taagan oo si joogto ah guuxayay. Sidaas darteed, soo hagaagay tayada adeegga, fududeeyo xawaalad badan oo dhaqaale, hagaajinta isku halaynta of nidaamka. Sidaa darteed, 5 sano ka dib, nidaamka bangiyada ay u badan tahay in ay ku kici heer cusub.