Soocista iyo Qoondaynta Tallaalada

Talaalku (qeexida, kala soocidda waxaa looga hadlay this article) waa wakiilada difaaca isticmaalo tallaalka sida firfircoon (haddii kale - si ay u sameeyaan difaac u shaqeeyo firfircoon adkaysi u pathogene gaarka ah). WHO gabagabeeyay tallaalka - habka ugu wanaagsan ee ka hortaga heley faafa. Sababtoo ah halka ay ku oolnimada sare, halleeyo lillaahinimada iyo habka, waxaa macquul ah ee caymiska balaadhan oo ah dadka in la talaalo si looga hortago in mass ah heley, immunoprophylaxis dalal badan oo lagu tilmaamay inay mudnaanta dowladda.

tallaalka

Tallaalka - a tallaabooyin gaar ah ka hortag ah si ay ilmaha ama qof weyn ka heley qaarkood ilaaliyaan si buuxda ama si weyn u yareeyaan muuqaalka ay dhacdo.

Saameyn la mid ah waxaa lagu gaarayaa by "tababar" nidaamka difaaca jirka. Marka u shaqeeyo daroogada ay maamusho (ama halkii uu nidaamka difaaca jirka) si ay ula dagaalamaan caabuqa iyo kiimikaysan soo bandhigay "xusa in" ay. Marka difaac dib-u-caabuq la shaqeysiin si dhakhso ah wax badan oo si buuxda u wada baabbi'iyaa wakiilada ajnabiga ah.

Liiska hawlaha tallaalka ka mid ah:

• doorashada ee dadka la tallaalo,
• xulashada daroogada;
• qaabeynta circuit ee tallaalka ah;
• xakameeyo hufnaan;
• therapy (haddii loo baahdo) dhibaatooyinka badan tahay iyo jawaab bahal ah.

Hababka tallaalka

• Intradermal. Tusaale waxaa ah BCG. Bilaabidda tallaalka nool saaray garabka (saddexaad dibadda ah waxaa ka mid ah). hab la mid ah waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si looga hortago tulariimiya, cudurku, brucellosis, anthrax, qandho Q.
• Oral. Loo isticmaalo si looga hortago cudurka dabeysha oo raabiyada. On the heerarka kala duwan ee horumarka wakiilada afka hargabka, jadeecada, qandhada tiifowga, cudurka meningococcal.
• Maqaarka. In habkan, daroogada aan adsorbed waxaa soo bandhigay galay labada garabka wiiqdo (dusha dibadda u dhexeeya garabka dhexe iyo saddex meelood sare) ee gobolka. Faa'iidooyinka: allergenicity hooseeyo, hufnaan maamul, cimri dherer ka bari ahaasho (gudaha iyo guud).
• Buufis. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida tallaalka degdegga ah. Ma buufis aadka wax ku ool ah anti-brucellosis, hargabka, tulariimiya, diphtheria, boog anthrax, xiiq-dheerta, cudurka qaba, rubella, gangrene gaaska, qaaxada, tetanus, Harar, tiifowga, botulism, dabadhiig, mumps B.
• Muruqyada dhexdooda. Soo saaray in murqaha bowdada (qaybta sare ee muruqa bowdada qabo perednenaruzhnuyu). Tusaale ahaan, DTP ah.

tallaalada Modern soocidda

Waxaa jira dhowr kooxihii tallaalka.

1. soocidda waxay ka dhigan tahay iyadoo la raacayo qarni:

• 1 Qarni (tallaalka corpuscular). Taa baddalkeeda, qaybsan fayruska (nool uu daciif yahay) iyo fayruska aan nooleyn (la dilay) oo macnaheedu yahay;
• jiilka 2aad: subunit (kiimikada) iyo exotoxins detoxified (toxoids);
• 3 bandhigaysaa jiilka tallaalada recombinant hepatitis B Tallaalka recombinant iyo raabiyada;
• Generation 4 (kuma jiraan gudniinka), waxaa wakiil DNA plasmid, peptides dardaro, tallaalka dhirta, tallaalada ay ku jiraan waxyaabaha MHC iyo therapy idiotypic.

2. Qoondaynta tallaalka (ayidhi iyo kala qaybinaya galay fasalada dhowr) asal ahaan. By asal tallaalada kala qaybsan yihiin:

• nool, in kuwa nool lagu sameeyo, balse dhibaatadiisa la dhimay micro-organisms,
• dilay abuuray oo ku saleysan sheyga fayruska aan nooleyn ee siyaabo kala duwan;
• tallaalada asal kiimikada (on salka cudur aadka la Daahiriyey);
• tallaalo ay ku abuuray iyadoo la kaashanayo qaababka biotechnological, markeeda, kala qaybsan yihiin:

- tallaalada dardaro ku salaysan oligosaccharides iyo oligopeptides;

- tallaalada DNA;

- hiddo danbeeyay tallaalka abuuray oo ku saleysan waxyaabaha ka dhasha ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee nidaamka recombinant.

3. In la raacayo xubnaha daawooyinka Ar, talaalada uu jiro kala soocidda soo socda (i.e., sida Ar in tallaalka la joogo waxaa laga yaabaa):

• unugyada microbial dhan (daarnayn ama ku nool yihiin);
• qaybaha gaarka ah ee unugyada microbial (ugu difaaca Ar);
• sunta microbial;
• jeermis synthetically Ag;
• Ar in laga heli by farsamooyinka injineernimada hidaha.

Iyada oo ku xidhan awoodda si ay u horumariyaan difaaca dhowr ama mid ka mid ah wakiilka:

• monovalent;
• polio.

Qoondaynta oo ah tallaalka waafaqsan set oo ah Ar:

• component;
• corpuscular.

tallaal nool

Wixii soo saaridda ee tallaalka sida isticmaalayso dhimay nooc ka mid ah wakiilada faafa. tallaalada noocan oo kale ah leeyihiin guryaha immunogenic, laakiin dhacdo ee calaamadaha cudurka inta lagu guda jiro tallaalka waxaa sida caadiga ah ma keenaan.

Sidaas darteed of lays ee tallaalka nool jidhka waxaa la aasaasay gacanta u adkaysta, secretory ah, difaac humoral.

Faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha

Faa'iidooyinka tallaalka nool (soocidda, codsiga wada hadleen in this article):

• qiyaasta A ugu yaraan;
• waxaa macquul ah ee siyaabaha kala duwan ee tallaalka,
• difaac runningaway degdeg ah;
• oolnimada sare;
• qiimaha hooseeyo;
• immunogenicity ee ugu dabiiciga ah;
• ka kooban sheyga lahayn,
• sarkhaansan yihiin tallaalada sida loo kiciyo nooc kasta oo difaac.

dhinaca xun:

• haddii ay dhacdo of habdhiska difaaca ee bukaanka ah marka ay maamusho tallaalka nool beddeli karo cudurka;
• tallaal noocan ah waa mid aad u xasaasi u ah heerkulka, si hordhaca ah ee "xakameeyo" tallaalka nool yeeshaan dhibaato ama tallaalka lumiyo hantida;
• Awood la'aanta in la isu geeyo tallaaladan diyaarinta kale ee tallaalka, in view of dhacdooyinkan gurracan ama luminta oggolyahay daweynta.

Qoondaynta oo ah tallaal nool

The noocyada soo socda ee tallaal nool:

• Fayruska (la daciifiyay) diyaarinta tallaalka. Waxaa loo soo saaray ka nooc ee ah in ay hoos u pathogenicity, laakiin waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa immunogenicity. Marka ay maamusho cadaadis tallaalka ee jidhka ku yeesho cudurka la mid ah, wakiilada infective soo saari, oon ku keenaya formation of jawaabaha difaaca. Waxaa ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan ee loo yaqaan ee diyaarinta tallaalka sida loogu talagalay ka hortaga qandho tiifowga, nabaro, anthrax, qandho S iyo brucellosis. Weli bulk of tallaal nool - daawooyinka fayruska ka cudurada adenoviral, qandhada jaallada ah, mumps, tallaalka Sabin (polio), rubella, cudurka jadeecada, hargabka;
• Tallaaladu waa kooxa kala duwan. Waxay ka samaysan yihiin oo ku saleysan nooc la xiriira ee ay cudurrana u faafa. cudur Kuwani cadhaysiinina jawaab difaaca in ay ka gudbaan cudur pathogene jiho. Tusaalooyinka tallaal oo kale waa prophylaxis a tallaalka ka dhanka ah nooca furuqa in la sameeyo oo ku saleysan vaccinia fayraska furuqa iyo BCG, iyadoo ay ku saleysan dee- keeni qaaxada bovine.

tallaalada infalawansada

ka hortagga ee ugu fiican ee ka mid ah tallaalada infalawansada isticmaalo. Waxay yihiin daawooyinka noolaha in ay bixiyaan muuqaalka kore ee iska caabin ah oo muddo gaaban ah u yeeshaan fayraska infalawansada.

Tilmaamayaasha tallaalka sida ay kala yihiin:

• da'da 60 sano iyo ka weyn;
• bronchopulmonary chronic ama cudurrada wadnaha,
• uurka (2-3 trimester);
• shaqaalaha, rugaha caafimaadka iyo isbitaallada,
• dadka sida joogtada ah ee deggan collectives xiran (xabsiyada, tacliinta, guryaha waayeelka, iyo wixii la mid ah);
• bukaannada daawada taagan ama bukaan-socodka in ay leeyihiin gemoglabinopatii, xakamaynta difaaca, cudurka beerka, kelyaha iyo xanuunada dheefshiidka.

noocyada

tallaalada infalawansada Qoondaynta ka mid ah kooxaha soo socda:

1. Tallaalka Live;
2. tallaalka fayruska aan nooleyn:

• tallaalka fayruska oo dhan. Waxay ka mid ah ayaan laga badinin virions fayruska aan nooleyn ee aadka la safeeyey,
• rascheplennye (tallaalada kala). Tusaale ahaan: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Waxay ku salaysan tahay virions hargabka carqaladeeyey (oo dhan borotiinada fayraska);

• Tallaalka subunit ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") ka kooban yihiin laba borotiin oo dusha viral, haemagglutinin iyo sanndood hubiyo induction jawaabta difaaca hargabka. borotiinada kale ee virion ah, iyo embriyaha ubad maqan tan iyo intii lagu reebay nadiifiskeeda u.