Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee gaasaska

Nature ogyahay saddex dalalka ugu muhiimsan ee wax arrinta: adag, dareere ah iyo gaseous. Ku dhawaad dareere kasta ka heli kartaa mid kasta oo ka mid ah laba haray. adkaha badan oo ay xaabo, uumi ama hawada sari buuxsama kartaa waxyaabaha ku jira. Laakiin gaaska kasta ma laga yaabaa in qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha adag ama cabitaanno ah. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo ah gaasaska, taas oo ku kala duwan yihiin oo ay guryaha, asal ahaan iyo sifooyinka of codsiga.

Qeexid iyo hantida

Gas - walax taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa maqan yahay ama qiimaha ugu yar ee bonds intermolecular, iyo sidoo kale dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon oo qayb ka ah. guryaha aasaasiga ah, kaas oo ay leeyihiin dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee gaasaska:

1. Isbeddello, deformability, Degenaansho, waxay doonayaan waa in la kordhiyo mugga reaction of atamka iyo taagoo in ay hoos ama kici ee heerkulka oo teedu isbeddel ah ee xoogooda ay dhaqdhaqaaqa.
2. Waxaa, heerkulka a kaas oo la kordhiyo cadaadiska ma keento kala guurka ah gobolka dareere ah.
3. Si fudud Tifaftirayaasha, hoos mugga. Tani nayaa maaraynta iyo isticmaalka.
4. Inta badan la galeen by riixo ilaa xad cadaadis iyo kulayl qiimaha muhiimka ah.

By helitaan cilmi tilmaamay isticmaalaya xuduudaheedu aasaasiga ah, heerkulka, cadaadiska, mugga iyo mass gaws.

Qoondaynta deebaajiga

In deegaanka dabiiciga ah oo cayn kasta ah gaasaska hawada, dhulka iyo biyaha.

1. Xarunta hawada, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, monoxide nitrogen la nijaasta iyakana, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. In nitrogen qolof ah, hydrogen, methane iyo Consort kale, carbon dioxide, xabagta baaruud iyo kuwa kale oo ku jiraan xaalad gaseous ama dareere. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira in keydadka gaaska ee jajabka adag ee shaydi leh lakab oo biyo at cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan 250 ATM. marka heerkulku yar (20 ° C).
3. balliyada waxa ku jiri gaasas L - chloride hydrogen, ammonia iyo liidata L. - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide al et.

khayraadka dabiiciga ah fog ka badan ee suurtogal ah ee kiimikaysan abuuray.

Qoondaynta by ololi

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee gaasaska, ku xiran tahay sifooyinka dabeecadda u ah hababka suuroggalaan iyo sari kala qaybsan yihiin oksidheeyeyaal, inert, oo ololi kara.

1. Oxidants iyo gacan ka retardant dab, laakiinse iyagu ma ay gubaan: hawada, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, monoxide nitrogen iyo dioxide.
2. Inert aadan ka qayb sari, si kastaba ha ahaatee, u muuqdaan in ay Leexin oxygen iyo saamaynta on nidaamka dhimista xoogga: helium, iyakana, xenon, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. iftiinka gubta ama qarxi weheliso oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, alxamaad, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid waxaa lagu gartaa gubanaya oo kaliya in shuruudo gaar ah ee isku dar ah gaaska. Sababo la xiriira hantida, gaaska this - nooca shidaalka, ayaa maanta ugu badan. Tani waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida methane, propane, butane.

Carbon dioxide iyo doorka ay

Waa mid ka mid ah gaaska ugu badan ee jawiga (0.04%). Under heerkulka caadiga ah iyo cadaadiska Hawada leeyahay cufnaanta ah 1,98 kg / m ^3. Waxay noqon kartaa in adke ama dareere ah. wajiga adag dhacdaa at heerka u hooseeya ee kulaylka iyo cadaadiska Hawada joogto ah, waxaa loo yaqaannaa "baraf qalalan". Wejiga dareere CO ₂ waa suurto gal markii cadaadis uu kordho. hantida waxaa loo isticmaalaa for kaydinta, gaadiidka iyo habka codsiga. Sublimation (kala guurka ah gobolka gaseous of adag ah, oo aan wajiga dhexe dareere) waa suurto gal at -77 - -79˚S. Milmi biyo at cabirku yahay 1: 1 la xaqiijiyay at t = 14-16˚S.

Noocyada carbon dioxide kala duwan taas oo ku xidhan asal ahaan:

1. Products of dhirta iyo xayawaanka qashinka, warshadu hawada Kobenhagen, dheecaan gaaska dhulka, meydadkii uumi biyaha lagana rujiyey.
2. Natiijada waxqabadka aadanaha, oo ay ku jiraan naqaska ka soo sari ee shidaalka.

Sida walax waxtar leh waxaa loo isticmaalaa:

1. The carbon dioxide dab bakhtiiye.
2. The dhululubada for arc alxanka ee dhexdhexaad ah habboon ee CO _2.
3. In warshadaha cuntada sida preservative iyo aerating biyaha.
4. Sida refrigerant ee qaboojinta ku meel gaar ah.
5. In warshadaha kiimikada.
6. In metallurgy.

In qayb lagama maarmaan ah ee nolosha ka mid ah caalamka, qof mishiinada iyo dhirta oo dhan ka shaqeeya, dioxide kaarboon ku ururayaa in lakabyada hoose iyo sare ee jawiga, daahiyaan sii daayo kulaylka iyo abuurista ah "saamayn aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo".

gaaska la galeen iyo doorka ay

Waxaa ka mid ah walxaha ka soo jeedo dabiiciga ah iyo hannaanka caga waxaa go'doonsan sida in Heer sare ah ee combustibility iyo qiimaha calorific. Wixii kaydinta, gaadiidka iyo isticmaalka, noocyada soo socda ee gaaska liquefied: methane, propane, butane, iyo propane-butane isku dar.

Butane (C ₄ H _10), iyo propane yihiin qaybaha of gaasas batroolka. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u galeen at -1 - -0,5˚S. Qabashada iyo codsiga hawo qabow butane saafi ah looma fuliyo ay sabab u tahay keydsho. heerkulka Liquefaction ee propane (C ₃ H ₈₎ -41 - -42˚S, cadaadis muhiim ah - 4,27 MPA.

Methane (CH _4), - qayb ugu weyn ee gaasta dabiiciga ah. Noocyada il gaaska - kayd shidaal, wax soo saarka ee geedi socodka biogenic. Liquefaction dhacdaa via wajiga riixo iyo in la yareeyo kulaylka si -160 - -161˚S. At heer kasta waxaa la cadaadiyo by 5-10 jeer.

Liquefaction waxaa lagu fuliyaa on dhirta gaar ah. propane, butane, ama isku dar ah soo saaray oo dhanba, waayo, guriga iyo isticmaalka warshadaha si gooni gooni ah. Methane waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry iyo sida shidaalka gaadiidka. Arintaan ayaa sidoo kale la soo saaray karaa foomka Tifaftirayaasha.

gaaska Tifaftirayaasha iyo doorka ay

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, ay caanka ah ee iibsaday Tifaftirayaasha gaaska dabiiciga ah. Marka propane iyo butane gaara ayaa loogu isticmaalay liquefaction, methane waxaa laga soo saaray karo in a la galeen iyo Tifaftirayaasha. gaaska dhalooyinka cadaadis sare ah 20 MPA leeyahay faaidooyin badan liquified si fiican u yaqaan.

1. Heerka sare ee uumi, oo ay ku jiraan at heerkulka hawada ku yar yahay, ma raasamaal ee ifafaale xun.
2. heerka A hoose ee sumoobo.
3. sari Buuxi, oolnimada sare, ma saamayn taban ku saabsan qalabka iyo jawiga.

Waxaa sii kordheysa loo isticmaalay ma aha oo kaliya baabuurta laakiin sidoo kale baabuurta rakaabka iyo sidoo kale qalabka kuleeliyaha.

Gas - qayb unobtrusive laakiin lagama maarmaan u ah nolosha aadanaha. qiimaha calorific sare ee qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo xaq isticmaalka balaadhan oo ah qaybaha kala duwan ee gaaska dabiiciga ah sida shidaalka ah ee warshadaha iyo gaadiidka.