Noocyada rinjiyeynta. rinjiyeynta Art. rinjiyeynta Art on alwaax

rinjiyeynta Art sida nooc ka mid ah farshaxanka madaxtooyada sii xeerkii tahay dad. Tani ma aha oo kaliya muuqaallada qaar ka mid ah, ay nuxurka badan, maxaa yeelay waxa ay u muuqataa in lagu sabayn out of time, isku-abuurka ah ee qarniyada badan sayidkooda. Waxaa la isku xidhanyihiin la hooyo ah - meeshii ay asal ahaan in beeralayda bulshada (booqday, beeralayda, ugaarsadaha) ah.

Indho at tahay rinjiyeynta farshaxanka

rinjiyeynta Art waxaa laga codsadaa in badeecada si fudud miino qalabka dhaqanka dabiiciga ah "dimuqraadi ah": difaan dabiiciga ah, qoryo, dhoobo, maqaar, dhagax, lafaha.

Ilaa qarnigii XVII waxaa sprouts jiray gudahood beeraha dabiiciga ah shaqsi. Skills way dhammaadeen sayid of line isirka, ka ab ka ab. Thinking farsamooyinka farshaxanka gaar ah si wax soo saarka fiican loogama joogo. Doorto content ugu dhegeysiga iyo hababka codsanaya quruxda. Rinjiyaynta naqshadaha qurxiyey saqafka, darbiyada, meelaha dedan, dogobbo iyo tiirar, iyo guriga - suxuunta, waxyaabaha foosha.

In muddo ah ka soo XVII in qarnigii XVIII rinjiyeynta tahay in Russia ayaa loo beddelaa kalluun, abuurista waxyaabaha suuqa. Waxa aanu ka qeybqaataan sayid shakhsi, iyo meelo ka mid ah tuulada. In qarnigii XIX halkaas waa urur artisanal ah farshaxankiisa tahay. Tusaale ahaan, sayid of miniatures Fedoskino sidaas isu abaabulay ka dib markii burburinta milkiilayaasha gaarka ah ee 1903 iyo xajiyey ay tahay. In 1876, wuxuu bilaabaa habaynta ee noocyada kala duwan ee professor rinjiyeynta Isayev AA in hawsha allifaadda ku laba-mugga "The farsamada gacanta ee gobolka Moscow ee."

In the 20-30-mada dowladda Soviet tiirsan samaynta iskaashatooyin kalluumaysiga iskaashi halkaas oo taariikh ahaan horumariyo xarumaha tahay dad, horumarinta noocyada kala duwan ee rinjiyeynta. Tusaale ahaan, rinjiyeynta Khokhloma ee gobolka Nizhny Novgorod.

Strategy ee horumarinta rinjiyeynta, iyo sidoo kale noocyo kale ee Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta, fahamsan yahay iyo halbeegyada tayada cilmiga iyo baraha a Vasiliem Sergeevichem Voronovym in hawsha allifaadda ku "On tahay ridayeen."

Currently, shirkada waxaa si firfircoon horumarinta noocyada rinjiyeynta kabarta farshaxanka si ay u daboolaan baahida sida suuqa of Russia iyo dibadda. waxyaabaha rinji inkastoo uu dhowro hawlaha ay maalin walba sii kordheysa noqoto muuqaalada qiimaha bilicsanaanta iyo farshaxanka. Waayo, wax soo saarka la isticmaalayo mashiinada casriga ah iyo qalab gaar ah - waayo gurya iyo shaqo diyaarinta. Laakiin shaqada ugu weyn ee hal abuur leh, iyo sidoo kale dhowr qarni ka hor, waxaa la dhigay by gacanta by fannaaniinta sayidkiisa.

Art rinjiyaynta

Waa wax aan macquul ma ah in la ogaado in rinjiyeynta qaranka badala image aad u of sheyga. Wuxuu noqonayaa mid ka sii dhegeysiga ee heerka midabka qiyaasta, khadadka laxanka iyo saamigal. Industrial "despiritualized" waxyaabaha yihiin dadaalka mid ah fannaaniinta ku diiran oo nool. Arintaan waxaa lagu gaarayaa by codsanaya waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee ku wax sharraxsan, iyo fanka ganaax (sawir iyo rinjiyeynta). Noocyada kala duwan ah farshaxankiisa abuuro soo jeeda gaar ah positive dareen, in habayn la aagga nolosha kalluumaysiga.

Isagoo ka hadlayay rasmi ah, rinjiyeynta ee madaxtooyada waxaa la sameeyaa by codsanaya a rinjiga burush uu saaran yahay meel gaar ah. Waa in la ogaadaa daqiiqad weyn: Si ka duwan rinjiyeynta, iyo saxba meel guud, rinjiyeynta had iyo jeer waa kala daadsan.

Khubarada samaynta inta badan ka hadlo arrin ee rinjiyeynta Ruush, waayo, waa wada noolaanshaha universal leh ku dhawaad style ka mid ah minimalism, oo casri ah, dalka. Technology, abuuray by sayid qadiimiga ah, way kaamileen farcankoodii sayidkooda meelaha qaarkood, abuurista hadal stylistic gaar ah. Nasiib wanaag, in Russia qarnigii XXI ayaa la dhawray oo la horumariyo noocyada kala duwan ee rinjiyeynta: Gzhel, Khokhloma, Boretsky Gorodetsky, Mezen, Onega, permogorskaya, pizhemskaya, Polkhovsky-paydanskaya, puchuzhskaya, rakulskaya. Fiiriya qaababka oo ka mid ah Hababka kala.

ah ee khokhloma

Awoodda in ay rinji geed midabka dahabka ah oo aan isticmaalka adag hadlayay, dahab ayaa lagu wareejiyay sayid Khokhlomskaya of icon-splitters kuwaas oo furay tan ogaada-sida ee qarnigii XII ee kaymaha cidlada bari ee Volga qarsoon. By habka, waxay ahaayeen aqoon u leh farsamada gacanta ah, bixinta rinjiyeynta: lathe ganacsiga iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga sharraxo. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay sidoo kale laga barto noocyada hore ee rinjiyeynta,

tuulada ganacsiga badan oo Nizhny Novgorod bari ee Volga ah - Khokhloma - sida magnet ka, magnet ah rag saaniciin ah xirfad leh.

Tani, in qaab casri ah, cadaalad ah gobolka koox ka mid ah tuulooyinka on qararka webiga Uzola River ma shaqeeyay keliya ee suuqa Ruush qoyska. baayacmushtariyaasha maalqabeenka iibsaday xisbiga badan oo alaabta loo siman yahay oo iyaga loo dhoofiyo. Sayidka, suuqa Khokhloma ahaa "hoos qoriga", suuqyada labada gudaha iyo dibadda, oo sidaas daraaddeed, waxa la heleyaa tayada tartanka on tartan qiimaha. niyad dhab ah waxaa la abuuray: awoodda masterovitogo aadanaha u keeneen xoolo la taaban karo.

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi by khubaro in muddada u dhaxaysa XII qarnigii XVII waxaa isa soo taraysa style Khokhloma, taas oo midaynaysa qadiimiga Nizhny Novgorod noocyada kala duwan ee rinjiyeynta qoryo.

In muddo ah ka soo XVII ee qarnigii XVIII style Khokhloma inta badan la aasaasay. Maalmahan xarumaha ay kala yihiin:

- warshad "Kokhloma Faneed", kaas oo la shaqeeya ka sayidkii fadhiistay degmada Koverninskii (Semino et al.). In farshaxankiisa ay heysatay by ubax duurjoogta iyo nooca berry,

- Association "Khokhloma Rinjiyeynta", Semenov. Masters Association dhaqan horumariyo duluc ka mid ah midabo kala fantastic.

khokhloma technology

Nuun xirfad "buraash wanaagsan" helay baaxadda quruxda Dhirta hodan. door weyn A ciyaaray by tayada alaabooyinka. Art Khokhloma eedeeyay sayid waafaqsan technology qaarkood. Characteristically, waxaa uusan waxba iska badalin ilaa maantadan la joogo. Waxaan ku qor amarka of marxaladaha ay:

- vytachivanie on lathe ee maacuunta alwaax ( "dhaqdo");

- banaan Primer xal dareere gaar ah oo dhoobada lahaa diyaarsan ( "geed"). In waqtigeena, si ay dhamaadka this, isticmaali Primer macmal ah;

- daasadda qasacad ama lacag ah. Haddaba aluminium la isticmaalay ujeedadaas,

- rinjiyeynta madaxtooyada on qoryo iyo qallajinta ee wax soo saarka ee lagu ridayo,

- varnishing iyo qallajinta kulul.

daaweynta kulaylka Intensive ah waxyaabaha lagu qeexay uugu midabka doorbiday Ranjiilayaasha Ruush jir ah, isku-dar ah oo dahab ah oo cinnabar cas leh midabka madow. ie Foornooyinka heerkulka Kokhloma ma saamayn ku dhalaalka iyo duwan ee midabada, kuwaas oo.

Hababka Khokhloma rinjiyeynta

views guridda of rinjiyeynta on alwaax, biiriyay Khokhlov ah, loo aqoonsado labo ka mid ah nidaamka, "background" iyo "Buur" warqad. Magaca aad u of nidaamka ka kooban yahay hab ka mid ah codsanaya qaabka dushana aasaasiga ah.

nidaamka "Horse" ku lug leedahay codsiga ah dushana midab si toos ah qeexaysaa ku saabsan asalka ah oo dahab ah. Background abuuraa dahabka "contouring" si toos ah uga asalka by "zarisovyvaniya" sayidkiisa meel madow iyo casaan ku wareegsan oo "Suul dahab ah".

nidaamka kasta isticmaalaa noocyada la mid ah rinjiyeynta Khokhloma. Waxaa jira afar keliya, "Kudrin", "berry ah" (ama "caleen"); "Ul A"; "Under asalka."

"Kudrin" qabanayaa hannaankii "dabiiciga ah" qoran by burush aad u wanaagsan. Waxa uu u yara eg sedge, si kastaba ha ahaatee, laab laab siddo firfircoon habboonaanta sir ah. Sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, tani waa quruxda badan ee qadiimiga ah.

"Under berry" - barbaro burush qaro weyn. Waxa intaa dheer in "geedaha" waxaa durbaba soo baxaya caleemaha iyo nooca berry. Stylized noocyada dhirta iyo isku daraa. Mid ka mid ah oo la mid ah "istaajiyo" waxaa laga arki karaa iyo camomile oo strawberry duurjoogta ah caleemaha.

Rinji "on ul" jeedinaya ekaa on qaab gaar ah joomateri (sida caadiga ah rhombus a). Tirada u yimaado "duurka" nool on dhinac iyo ciinwaanka by qorraxda dhexe.

In habka "hoos background" sequentially ubaxa barbaro dusha, ka dibna soo jeeda haray free waa midab, inta badan madow.

Sababo la aqonsado ee burush sayidkiisa kasta waa hohloma gaar ah oo u gaar ah. Noocyada rinjiyeynta, waxaan ku kor kala hadlay, beddelka ah waxa on, fiirin farxiya noolaanshaha zolotitogo, cas iyo midabo madow.

Gzhel. dhoobo Search for galaas

Gzhel Art farshaxanka rinjiyeynta waxa uu ku dhashay waxa hadda waa degmada Ramenskoye ee gobolka Moscow. maalmood Old meelo ka mid ah ayaa loo yaqaan Gzhel degmo, iyo aagga tuulada fidiyey Bohteevo, Volodya, Gzhel, Kuzyaeva, Novoharitonovo, Turygin.

Ilaa qarnigii XVII beeralayda maxaliga ah Dhoobo xad heer hoose pottery glazed soo saaray. Xaaladda ayaa la bedelay ay sabab u tahay horumarka warshadaha ee maadado degaanka ku haboon wax soo saarka ee galaas. Bar bilaw waxa uu ahaa amarkii Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich heli "dhoobo haboon" wax soo saarka, oo weelasha dawooyinka - in 1663.

waayo-aragnimo waxa uu ahaa guul ah, iyadoo 1710 si cadarsameeyaha oo dadka halkan bilaabay in ay isticmaalaan alaabta ceeriin. Farmashiyaasha oo amaanay tayada dhoobo, iyo saacaddii way timid marka ay saarka xiiso. Waxay ahaayeen xiiso alaabta ceeriin ku haboon wax soo saarka ee galaas. By amar boqorka ee 1844 taagay guddi, taas oo ka mid ah milkiilaha warshad galaas ee Moscow Athanasius Grebenshchikov galaas Manufactory iyo injineer Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov ah, ayaa helay waxbarashada gornoinzhenernoe at the University of Marburg. Shan sano raadinaya dhoobo saxda ah. In 1849, ka dib markii sideed bilood ah cilmi-baarista ah ayaa dhoobo, kuwaas oo soo saaray galaas fiican miino. Tayada qudhiisu amaanay M. V. Lomonosov, fasalka Vinogradov.

Gzhel. horumarinta ee wax soo saarka

Industrialist Grebenshchikov bilaabay isticmaalaya alaabta ceeriin helay in ay dhirta Moscow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka xariif ka tuulada Gzhel iyo tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, sida aan soo sheegnay, hore u lahaa xirfadaha pottery, sidoo kale ogaaday faa'iidooyinka isticmaalka dhoobada oo tayo sare leh ka badan.

Waxaa xawli ku baxay sidii tuulooyinka ku noolaa taliyeyaal fiican - shaqaalaha wax soo saarka warshadda A. ku Grebenshchikov. Inta u dhaxaysa 1750 iyo 1820 ee sayidkiisa-saanacyadii sameeyey majolica - jalxadihiina kiish-Kvasnikov, taarikada, koobabka, suxuunta. rinjiyeynta ornamental la sameeyey in rinjiga cagaaran, jaalle ah, iyo buluug, iyo ooberjiinka ku saabsan asalka cad. Image ka mid ah shimbir - ee xarunta, oo ku wareegsan - geedaha, ku xoortay, guriga. (Ie noocyada heer hoose muujiyeen maacuunta rinjiyeynta). Weelka in dalabka. Waxaa jiray tartan tayo leh. Waxannu ku noolnahay ee warshadaha pottery hore in soosaarka polufayans tayo sare leh isku suxuunta "shisheeye".

Xirfad saxar ka badan 80 sano, iyo tan iyo 1820 ayaa ku dhowaad saanacyadii oo dhan, Gzhel soo saaro polufayans. Tani waa ka talinaysay oo ka mid ah Gzhel tahay. Products sayidkooda loo arki karaa in Hermitage ah. weelka Tani waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay sida ugu fiican ee Russia iyo nainaryadneyshey. Caadiga ah rinji teapots Gzhel, maddiibadaha, taarikada buuxiyey guryaha baayacmushtariyaashii iyo kuwii gobta ahaa, maqaayado. Foomamka kor loo rinjiyeynta. Gzhel oo dhan ka iibsan dalka, ka Mikaa'iil in jaaket, dhoofinta in Central Asia iyo Bariga Dhexe. Production waxaa lagu sameeyey in ku dhow soddon warshadaha. Ku hawlan wax soo saarka warshadaha Gzhel: Barmina, Gusliny, Gusyatnikova, Kiseleva, Terekhova, Sazonov.

Nasiib darro, tan iyo 1860 waxaa jira hoos u dhac rinjiyeynta Gzhel. farshaxanka Folk, ku dhashay of tartan boqolaal saarayaasha yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka darsin ah waxaa ku barakacay pragmatism of kootooyin waaweyn. Ka mid ah monoboli istaagay MS Kuznetsov, iyadoo wadata shan dhirta iyo wax soo saarka ah wax soo saarka sanadlaha ah ee 2.1 Million. Xoq. awoodda wax soo saarka ee ku haray 14% ee Kuznetsovsky. Si adag u hadlayay, soo saaraha Kuznetsov iyo "hoos u reebtay" shaqo. tartanka jiheysteen, hoos u dhiirogelin, tayada hoos, u yimid hoos u dhaca.

Sida fanaaniinta rinji Gzhel

Gzhel waa mid gaar ah in sayidkiisa kasta, iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomamka classical farshaxanka for farshaxankiisa iyada, waxay abuurtaa uu farsamo shaqsi.

Waa farshaxanka loo dareemeyn. Doorka maamulaha waxaa ciyaaray by waayo-aragnimo ah ee odayga, kaas oo muujiyey in jidka burushka. Isla mar ahaantaana on galaas barafka cad jirsado isbedel midab-habboonaanta ka buluug ah si ay u kharibi buluug daran. All this barbaro rinjiga hal - Cobalt. Jaantuska waxaa laga codsadaa in ay dusha sare, "ayaa markii ugu horeysay", si dhakhso ah.

Waa maxay sababta in ay tahay xirfad muhiim ah oo artist ah? Markii hore, sawirka dhabta ah ee midabka lama arki karo (gaar ahaan Cobalt). Wax walba oo u muuqataa sawirka monochrome, iyo kaliya marka gzhel qabtay galidda foornada, sawirka ka dhex muuqan doonaa buuxa.

Waa maxay kooban Gzheli? Doorka dhexe waxaa ku jira guud ahaan ka hadlaya ubax qurxiyey. Oo xagga dhanka waxaa ka mid ah waa wax dhis izvivisty storyline "dabiiciga ah", caleemo hodan iyo nooca berry. Waxaa dhacaya in sawirka this leh tolmo wanaagsan mawduucyada animalistic, ama la xiriira nolol maalmeedka (sida guriga).

Like shiidaa jirsado tiradaasi? Foomamka rinjiyeynta farshaxanka "ay group-ka ugu horeeya ee" Gzheli hoos shiidaa in hababka codsiga smear. Waxaa jira afar kaliya: curcurka smear hadhka iyo rinji ka mid ah hannaanka burush "Sitchikov", iyo sidoo kale in la dhamaystiro image ah.

network Smear lagu gartaa hadhka kala duwan oo ay sabab u tahay midabka superposition ee adag oo kala duwan by artist burush Cobalt noqoshada gaar ah.

Rinjiyaynta hal gacan lagu gartaa xaqiiqada ah in stroke kasta midab isku xigta waa mid ka mid hore oo kala duwan leh. Xooggii uu istaroog ah si tartiib tartiib ah hoos u, ay "fududee" waa.

Qaabka "Sitchikov" - ugu jilicsan. Waxa uu barbaro tip a burush Diintooda.

Waxaa loo adeegsaday noocyada kala GZHEL of sawirada rinjiyeynta ma aha taranka sawir gaarka ah ee yabban dabiiciga ah iyo reinterpreted iyo waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in qaabeynta lama filaan ah. Images Artists reinterpreted caleemo buluug, Tent buluug soo fuliyaan, asters, carnations, Ubax la raaco contours ee haad iyo xayawaan. Mararka qaarkood waxay qeexaya waxyaabaha aad maalin kasta stylized ama walxo (tusaale ahaan, buulasha ah yaroow ').

"Geedaha" nooca image kaabaha - tendrils dari xubno ka fujiyaan, stroke kala duwan, Goosimo joomateri - siin image dhamaystirmo, abuurin Lahjadda loo baahdo.

Dhacdo Polkhovsky-Maidansky rinjiyeynta

Kala duwan rinjiyeynta dad Ruush. Noocyada iyada oo ay kala duwanaanta oo dhan, laga yaabee, lagu tilmaami karaa in monographs gaar ah, laakiin ma aha in maqaalka. Sidaa darteed, noo hawl badan yahay suubban. Dhab ahaan baan u yeedhay noocyada ugu "Soohiddii" ee rinjiyeynta: Khokhloma iyo Gzhel. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira kuwa kale, waxay dhan yihiin asalka ah iyo, way badan yihiin. Ha noo sheeg qaar ka mid ah: Boretsky Gorodetsky, Mezen, Onega, permogorskaya, pizhemskaya, Polkhovsky-Maidanskaya, puchuzhskaya, rakulskaya iwm Aan awoodin in qodobkan ku xiran yihiin in ay ka hadlaan oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid, siiyaan sharaxaad ku saabsan oo keliya mid ka mid ah - Polkhovsky-Maidansky.

rinjiyeynta Tani asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee qarnigii hore XX degmada loosoo gobolka Nizhny Novgorod ah. Halkan tuulooyinka Polkhovsky Mu'asasada iyo tuulada Voznesenskoe dhamaadka qarnigii XVIII halkaas joogay a suufiyadoodii kalluumaysiga jeestay of keniisad Sarov. Lathe bartay farsamada iyo beeralayda si ay u noqdaan rag saaniciin ah xirfad leh in soo saaridda ee maacuunta alwaax. Iyo saaxiriinta, waxaa sidoo kale soo saaray, sida waxay ku yidhaahdeen, "tararushki", waxyaabaha sida madadaalo: .. foorida, likaha, caruusadaha, ukunta Easter, alaabta lagu ciyaaro.

wadadii uu abuurka ranjiyeynta ahaa afku ee soo ridayeen Polinym Pavlom Nikitichem vizhiganiya qalab ah, oo tan iyo 1926, hal-abuurka toosay ah yaroow iyagii ku hor kacay si rinjiyeynta in wax soo saarka saliidda, iyo in 1933 ay bedelay formaldehyde aniline.

Ka dib markii polhovtsev shaqada qaatay Zagorci, merinovtsy, Semyonov, noocyo cusub oo la abuuray rinjiyeynta matryoshka (mawduuca waxaan mar dambe ku taaban doonaa).

Tiknoolajiyada qaabka Polhov-Maidan ee ranjiga

Ugu horreyntii, dusha sare ee alaabada alwaaxda waa la daboolay oo la daboolay koollada dhuxusha. Markaasaa shubo hannaankii circuit khad ka dibna rinjiyeynta waxaa fuliyey. Tani waxaan u adeegsanay midabada afar midab oo kala ah: guduud, jaalle, cagaar iyo buluug. Kadibna, "fiilo" ayaa la sameeyey, marxalad farshaxan ee qaabka Polhov-Maidan, taas oo ka koobnayd dulucda sawirka ee sawirka madow. Waxaan ku dareynaa in nooca rinjiga noocan ahi uu u maleynayo farsamooyinka noocan oo kale ah sida soo saarista midabada.

Noocaan noocan oo kale ah wuxuu kaloo isticmaalaa farsamo khaas ah sawireynta aan xuduud lahayn.

Waxaan ku soo sheegnay nooca ranjiyeynta noocan oo kale ah oo aan fursad ahayn. Wuxuu ku dhex maray SSC-da ilaa 1990-maadkii, oo loo dhan yahay. Warshadda Ascension waxay shaqaysay nus kun oo qof. 40% waa fannaaniinta sameeya rinjiyeynta, kuwa kale - gadaalayaasha. Shaqada waxaa lagu sameeyay hal-abuur, sheyga hal-abuurka ah wuxuu ka shaqeynayay warshadda. Badeecadaha waxaa loo dhoofiyay Maraykanka iyo Yurub. Maanta, dhaqamada ay soo saareen warshad waxaa sameeyay ganacsato.

Majaajiladeedii Matryoshka

Had iyo jeer lama huraan rinjiyeynta Ruushka. Xayawaankeedu mararka qaarkood waxa ay ka kaceen lama filaan - maaha "qarniyo qarniyo badan". Waxay ku mashquuliyeen iftiiminta qaar ka mid ah macallin Ruush ah. Tani waxay ku dhacdey dhogortii matryoshka. Mana aha muwaadin Ruush ah.

Matryoshka wuxuu ka soo muuqday Ruushka qarnigii 19aad ee Sergiev Posad. Xaaskiisa oo ah fanaani Sergei Malyutin oo 1898 ah ayaa Japan ka soo dejisay sawirka Fukurum, oo afar ka mid ah sawirro lagu iibsaday (sida jidka Japan). Sergey Vasilievich ayaa fikraddeeda ka hadlay "rusiis". Fikradda quruxda badan ayaa soo kacday - si ay u jilaan qoys reer Ruush ah. Matryona ayaa markaas ka dib lagu caan baxay Russia. Intaa waxaa dheer, sida ay Milyutin, waxa ay ku soo celisay magaca Roomaanka hooyada qoyska.

Sergei Vasilyevich wuxuu sawir ku sameeyay sawir leh siddeed darajo. Haweenay ayaa raacday gabadheedii oo ahayd guntin madow, kadibna wiil, ka dibna gabadhiisii, siddeedaadna waxay ahayd ilmo. Laga soo bilaabo qoryaha foomka waxay ahayd gardarrada loo yaqaan VP Zvezdochkin. Sawirka ayaa waxaa sawir ka qaaday Sergei Vasilyevich.

Wax soo saarida qoob-ka-shaqaynta ilmaha. Noocyada ranjiga

Nolosha adduunka ee matboloshka carruurnimada, aqoonsigeeda caalamku waxay taariikhda u tahay 1900, markay "u soo baxday adduunka" - bandhigga aduunka ee Paris.

Farshaxanka dadwaynaha ma soo mari karay carruubka matbiloshka? Xilligii 1899kii, dhammaan Sergiyad Posad waxay soo saartey caruusado cusub: gabdhaha iyo dumarka, idaha, caftansiyada iyo xafladaha ama kerchiefs iyo sarafans, oo leh dambiilo, xayawaan, shimbir, ubax. Habka Zagorsky (sida aad ogtahay, Sergiev Posad waxa loo magacaabay Zagorsk) waxaa lagu gartaa sawirkiisa, fiiro yar oo faahfaahsan.

Tan iyo 1922, Matryoshkas ayaa sidoo kale laga soo saaray tuulada Merinov ee gobolka Nizhny Novgorod. Turner deegaanka Mayorov F. iibsan matryoshka taliye Sergiyos Bawlos, machined "ay". Gabadheeda ayaa dhajisay tirooyinka. Merinovtsy si dhakhso ah ayuu ufaraxsanaa soo saarista tirooyinkaas. Matryoshka Merinovskaya waa mid aad u iftiimaya, inkasta oo faahfaahin yar oo ka badan dharka Zagorska.

Saddexaad "deposit matryoshkas" waxay ahayd tuulada Polhovsky Maydan, oo caanka ku ah gadaasheeda, iyo sawir gacmeed. Carruurta Polkov waxay leeyihiin sifooyin gaar ah:

- gaabis, wejiyada yar yar ee wejiga;

- meesha ay ku qoran tahay maro iyo khadadka sarafan (maraqa), oo ka soo gadaal ah 2/3 oo ah dollo daboolan waa midabka casaanka ah (casaan) ama midab cagaaran. Midabka dharka ayaa ka soo horjeeda. In wejiga ah ee lowska buulshada waa geedka rose-dhushi. Kursiga ayaa loo qoondeeyey qoorta ilaa dhulka. Rinjiga koollada waxaa loo yaqaan "on oval". In dhexda - laan la Rose, caleemaha, berry. Halabuurka waxaa lagu buuxiyaa daisies iyo illoobi-aniga-maqaal.

Waxa ugu adag in la sameeyo waa Matryoshka doll ka Vyatka, kuwaas oo saanqayrta deegaanka maxaliga ah ee ciriiriga.

Gabagabo

Farshaxanka Faransiiska Farshaxanka waa nooc ka mid ah farshaxanno farshaxan iyo mid la adeegsanayo oo ku yaalla dhaqan dhaqan qoto dheer, oo ku saabsan dareenka dadku u leeyahay waxa Watilka ay tahay, waxa qoysku yahay. Waxay ku xiran tahay noloshada da'da ah ee awoowayaasheenna, sidaas darteed rinjiga alaabadu waxay qaadaan masuuliyad diimeed, bani-aadmino, dabeecad wax ku ool ah nolosha. Waxay runtii ugu qurxiyaan nolol maalmeedka qofka casriga ah, waxaa lagu soo rogay "shakhsiyayn", walxaha lagu qurxiyo barxadda nolosha.

Rinjiyeynta farshaxanku waxay sidoo kale keenaysaa qaar ka mid ah maqaalkeena nolosheena, dib u soo celinta joogtada ah, Waddanka, waajibaadka caalamiga ah ee qof walba - inuu naftiisa ku qurxiyo qurux badan.