Naqshadaha Dhismaha iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia. farshaxankiisa Diinta ee qadiimiga Russia

horumarinta fanka iyo qaabka dhismaha macbudka Russia asal ahaan ay ka soo ceeryaan of time. In 988 Kievan rus 'la ansaxiyo Masiixiga ah waxaan lahaa dhaxalka dhaqanka weyn ee Empire Byzantine ah, kaas oo isku daraa ee muuqaalada quruxda ayaa beerkiisa ka mid ah East iyo West lillaahinimada qofku. Inta lagu guda jiro ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee style multi-fanka iyo farshaxanka asalka sameeyay naqshadda dhismaha ee gaarka ah iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia.

Sooyaalka Taariikheed ee style asalka ah ee naqshadaha iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia

Arts ee qadiimiga Russia sida taallo dhaqanka pre-Christian waa aan la aqoon in ay saynisyahano casriga ah, iyo farshaxan muddada this ka wakiil yahay oo kaliya dhowr ah Sidaana alwaax ah Sanamyada. Xaaladda isla waa la taxadiri naqshadda ka mid ah pre-Christian Russia, u badan tahay, ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in ay la sameeyey oo ah qoryo iyo aan la wada ilaaliyo, si ay taariikhda.

Rinjiyeynta ee Russia bilaabay in ay la kulmaan ay horumarka degdeg ah qarnigii 10aad, marka, ka dib markii hordhaca ah ee isticmaalka dhulka ee Russia alifbeetada Slavic Cyril iyo Methodius suurto-dhaafsiga waayo-aragnimo u dhexeeya saanacyadii Ruush iyo Byzantine u yeedha ka dib 988 sano oo magaalada Ruush of Prince Vladimir.

Qarnigii hore 11, xaaladda u dhexgalaan siyaasadeed iyo bulsho ee gobolka Old Ruush ayaa sameeyay sidan oo kale in ay wax soo saarka qayb diinta jaahilka laga bilaabo si khasab ah fasalka ka dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha dadweynaha talada haya. Sayidka, ee naqshadaha iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia bilaabay dhinaca horumarinta sababtoo ah isagoo ku biiray this Wednesday dhaxal ahaan Byzantine.

Shuruudaha for horumarinta qaababka stylistic ee naqshadaha

Naqshadaha Dhismaha iyo farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia sida galidoonaan a style guud sarkhaansan si toos ah naqshadaha Byzantine, taas oo ah foomka ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka mid ah dhismayaasha macbudka qadiimiga ah, si tartiib ah la xirrira nooc ka mid ah si fiican u yaqaan 10-qarnigii of kaniisadda cross-domed yimid, waa mid aad u kala duwan oo ka basilicas Christian hore. Kala beddelashada qubbad semicircular on cidhifyada adag ee saldhig quadrangular macbudka, iyadoo la isticmaalayo ugu dambeeyay ee ay soo saareen "shiraaca" qubbad ee nidaamka taageero ah oo loo fududeeyo in ay cadaadis on derbiyada, injineero Byzantine ku guulaystay ballaadhinta ugu badan ee meesha bannaan ee gudaha ah macbudka iyo meesha abuuray nooc cusub oo ah dhismayaasha kaniisadda Christian.

The kor muuqaalada design ku tilmaamay la xidhiidhaan macbudyo ah, salka kaas oo lagu magacaabo "karoos Giriigga ah ee", taas oo ah shan god oo midba midka kale ka diyaarin meelsha.

Inta badan ka dib - in qarnigii 19 - in Russia aasaasay waxa loogu yeero "dacayadeed-Byzantine" style dhismayaasha macbudka, meesha a foomamka Xamar idinkoo Goodin oo ku yaalaan on the fuusto hoose, belted dukaanka uu furmo suuqa iyo arrimaha gudaha macbudka waa meel caadi ah, oo aan kala tiirar iyo booska cross.

Shuruudaha for horumarinta qaababka stylistic of rinjiyeynta ah

Arts ee qadiimiga Russia sida nooc gooni ah oo decoration farshaxanka macbudyo qaab qaaday ka dib markii dhul ka dib baabtiiskii rus keenay aragnimo halyeey sayid Byzantine ay casuumay. Sidaa darteed, rijiyeeyay iyo frescoes of kaniisadaha hore Christian muddo pre-Mongol indistinguishable ee asal Ruush iyo Byzantine badan.

In aragtida, calanka u qurux badan loogu xardhay, farshaxankiisa ee qadiimiga Russia waseeqeeyay Cathedral reer Lavra Kiev-Pechersk, shaqada, taas oo rinji by sayid Byzantine. macbudka laftiisa aan la sii raagayaan, laakiin ay decoration gudaha la og yahay ka description la gaadhay qarnigii 17aad. Ranjiilayaasha casuumay joogay keniisad iyo aasaaska barashada uu farsamo dhigay. Qadariyo Alypius iyo Gregory ahaayeen fanaaniinta ugu horeysay Ruush ah kuwaas oo ka tagay dugsiga this of rinjiyeynta icon.

Sidaas darteed, farshaxan, astaanta, farshaxankiisa ee qadiimiga Russia ayaaba sii af iyo qoraal nidaamsan aqoonta hore ee sayid bariga.

Cayimayo naqshadda iyo dhismaha noocyada kala duwan ee dhismayaasha la deggan yahay iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca ee Baydka Russia

Dhaqanka of Baydka rus, rinjiyeynta, iconography iyo naqshadaha taas oo galidoonaan hal, in yar oo ay saameeyeen naqshadaha dhismayaasha dadweynaha iyo la deggan yahay, taas oo ay sii wadaan si ay u qabtaan wax dhismayaasha Terem caadiga ah ama Guryahoodu. heerka naqshadda Byzantine aan qiyaasayo wax ku ool ah ilaalinta dhismayaasha, ama mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah si gooni gooni ah ka weerarada cadowga. Art of Baydka rus, farshaxanka iyo naqshadaha, taas oo la arki karo tusaale ahaan ka mid ah Pskov iyo Tver dhismaha keniisad, diiradda lagu saaray ay ammaanka dhismaha, fududeeyo qubbad ee dhismaha la dhismeedka dhagid maksimalnnym sita.

Halyeey rinjiyeynta Ruush Old

Dhaqanka of Baydka rus, kuwaas oo fanka ayaa gudubtay sarkhaansan dhamaystiran of art Byzantine, ayaa qaab qaaday dhammaadkii qarnigii 15aad, isagoo u nuugo oo dhan tayada ugu cad iyo si gaar ah u hayeyna farsamooyinka asalka tahay Ruush Old. Oo in kastoo fan ee qaar ka mid ah, sida daabac iyo qori sawirro farshaxan lagu yaqaan Old Masters, ugu ballaaran loo isticmaalo iyo in la horumariyo in laabta tahay diinta ay heshay oo kaliya ka dib markii ay ka imanayaan Masiixiyada si Russia.

dhaqanka Orthodox ee qadiimiga Russia, rinjiyeynta oo ay matalayaan ma aha oo kaliya rijiyeeyay macbudka iyo iconography, laakiin sidoo kale thread wajiga iyo tolidda, ka tarjumaysa caqiido iyo sida loo isticmaalo nolol maalmeedka dadka Dhaw tagay ay calaamaddu ku decoration gudaha dhismayaasha iyo decoration ee hore.

Kala duwan oo midabo iyo halabuurka

Macaabidda Yuhuud iyo seminaaro icon-rinjiyeynta ee qadiimiga Russia meel lagu fiirsashada of guulihii sayniska iyo tijaabo ee kimistari, sidii ay gacan ka baxay maaddooyinka kala duwan ee soo saaray rinjiga.

rinjiyeynta The Ghadafi ee walxood oo ku soo Dejino iyo sayidkayga advantageously isticmaalo khad isku. Waxay ahaayeen cinnabar, iyo safayr, ocher, hogaanka cad, iyo kuwo kale. Sayidka, run in ay xirfado ay wax ku ool ah ku hadhay rinjiyeynta ee qadiimiga Russia: qadiimiga tahay Byzantium si buuxda ma laga yaabaa inuu bedelo hababka maxalliga ah ee soo saara midabka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in farsamo walba gaar ah oo ranjiyeynta ahaayeen oo yihiin farsamooyinka uu ugu jecel yahay iyo hababka - sida loo sameeyo rinjiga laftiisa iyo qaababka ay codsiga in ay dusha ka.

Sida laga soo xigtay novogorodskomu script icon-rinjiyeynta ee qarnigii 16aad, ugu doorbiday by sayid loo isticmaalo cinnabar, Lazor, cad, prazelen. In script ah ayaa markii ugu horeysay waxaa u muuqday magacyada midabada, kuwaas oo - huruud ah, oo cas, madow, oo cagaar ah.

White waa midabka ugu caansan, inta badan la isticmaalo ee daryaa midabka, waxa loo adeegsaday codsiga ah ee ka dhimman iyo "razbelivaniya" midabyo kale. White soo saaray Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Habka of saaridda koobnaa qayilo ee strips hogaanka la sii acetic acid by maydhayeen karamell cad ka dhalanaya.

component ugu weyn ee "warqad-shaqsiyeed" in iconography ee maanta waa ocher.

Arts ee qadiimiga Russia, iyo sidoo kale in ay ku lug leedahay Heerka Byzantine isticmaalka palette midabka kala duwan ee wax qoraal ah ee image quduuska ah.

Mid ka mid ah midabo kala aasaasiga ah loo ahaa cinnabar - mercury baaruud tayadda. Cinnabar ahaa miino ee caanka ah ee beerta Europe Ruush Nikitinsky. Production of khad ka dhacay inta lagu guda jiro trituration cinnabar biyo, ku xiga u kala diridda ee pyrite a ore saameen iyo pyrite. Cinnabar bedeli kara minium jaban helay calcination ee xabagta hogaanka.

Lazor sida cad, loogu talagalay dhimman qoraal oo ay soo saaraan codadka oo midabyo kale. In la soo dhaafay, isha ugu muhiimsan ee safayr ahaayeen deposit Afghanistan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo qarnigii 16aad, tiro badan oo ah in ay soo saaraan siyaabaha Midabka buluuga ah ee safayr.

Waxa intaa dheer in kuwan formaldehyde aasaasiga ah, ayaa loo isticmaalay in bakan iconography Ruush, guduud mugdi, prazelen, cagaaran, verdigris, kaabajka Krutik ( "Sinilo") cufan, gaff sankir (midab bunni), Reft, ciyaarta. Eray rinjiile qadiimiga ah ee dhammaan midabada kalmado kala duwan.

style Art of walxood Ruush qadiimiga ah

Xiriir walba oo gobolka maamuleysay muhiim dhacdaa xoojinta gaar ah heerarka farshaxanka iyo bilicsanaanta, taas oo sii lumin qaar ka mid ah oo xidhiidh la leh saamiga tixraaca. Noocan oo kale ah oo duurka ku cidlo ah iyo is-horumarinta ee daliilka qaranka iyo dhaqanka waa farshaxanka qadiimiga Russia. rinjiyeynta Baydka ka badan meel kasta oo kale ee fanka ku xiran yahay isbedel farsamo iyo muuqaal ah, sidaas oo kale waa in la yiri ku saabsan qaababka ay si dhow ula xiriira hababka naqshadaha iyo qoraalka.

Mongol duulaankii halaagnay badan oo iconography fresco iyo taxadiri qadiimiga Russia, ay wiiqaysaa iyo xannibo habka of qoraal shuqullada cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sawir qaar ka mid ah la soo dhaafay waxaa suurtagal ah in la soo celiyo dukumentiyada sii raagayaan iyo goobaha qaddiimiga ah yeesheen.

Kuwaas oo kala ah, waxaa la og yahay in xilligii of pre Mongol-duulaankii ee rinjiyeynta taariikhi ah qadiimiga Russia saameyn muhiim on your iconography farsamooyin - jaho ee dhismaha farcan iyo midabka joojiyey xumida - laakiin by qarnigii 13aad, midabka uu bilaabo inuu wadada u midabada diiran dhalaalaya. Sayidka, farsamada walxood Byzantine in qarnigii 13aad iyo waa in geeddi-socodka milmaan of refraction farsamooyinka sida jir Ruush qaran tahay sida u ageegi wiilal iyo dhalaalka ka mid ah midabo, qaab-dhismeedka farcan jiibta iyo si tibaaxaha midabka.

Ayado this, shaqada sayidkiisa ugu caansan, donosshie in farshaxanka casriga ah ee Baydka Russia - si kooban liiskan matali karaan by Metropolitan Moscow ee Peter, Archbishop of Theodore Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev iyo Daniil Black.

Features ee fresco Ruush Old

rinjiyeynta kabarta ee Russia ma jirin ka hor inta ay ka imanayaan Masiixiyada oo waxaa gabi ahaanba laga soo amaahday dhaqanka Byzantine ee geedi socodka milmaan iyo horumarinta dhowr BADDALIDDA farsamooyinka jira Byzantine iyo qalabka.

First, Aynu niraahno in dhaqanka ee qadiimiga Russia, rinjiyeynta, taas oo ka hor jiraye qaab mosaics, beddelo isticmaalka malaastaan qalabka diyaarinta, codsanaya dhulka nuuradda podmozaichnoe hoos kabarta ah, oo dhammaadkii qarnigii 14aad waxaa jiray kala guurka ah ka farsamo qadiimiga Byzantine ee qoraal iyo wax soo saarka ee qalabka - cusub primordially dhaweyntiisa Ruush fresco.

Waxaa ka mid ah saldhigyada geedi socodka saarka si qoto dheer bedelay iyo rinjiga noqon kartaa Sharaf malaastaan muuqaalka aasaasay oo keliya ku saleysan nuuradda saafi ah, marka hore la badhxay in xoogga ciid quartz iyo marmar ah chips. In the case of fresco rinjiyeynta Ruush salka ku malaastaan - gesso - waxaa la dhigay by lime ah Mudadda dheer ee shaydi leh saliidda dhirta iyo xabagta.

Old daabac sawiro Ruush

Ka dib 988 sano, iyadoo dhalashada of caadooyinka vizantiyskiyh farshaxanka ee qadiimiga Russia, farshaxanka qadiimiga ah waa mid baahsan ee degaanka aagga dhaqan nidaam, gaar ahaan tolidda shakhsi ahaaneed.

Wax badan ayaa waxaa ka mid ah u dallacsiiyey workshops Tsaritsyno taladoodu hoos ku duchesses grand Sofi Paleologa Sulaymaan Aloetic, Queen Daahir Riyaale Romanova iyo Irina Godunov shaqeeyaan.

tolidda bannaanka sida farshaxanka diimeed ee qadiimiga Russia leedahay wax badan oo farcan caadiga ah iyo muuqaalada graphic la icon ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daabac wajiga - waa shaqo wadajir ah, iyadoo qaybinta cad oo abuuray doorarka. rinjiile icon muujinayaa on the shiraac wejiga, fariimihii iyo burbur oo dhar ah, dhir - dhirta. asalka ahaa daabac midabka dhexdhexaad ah; Codka maqaarka threads xariir, oo ay ku jiraan xiriirka la dhigay on khadadka weheliyaan contours wajiga - wajiga iyo gacmaha, Dharka iyo waxyaabaha ku hareeraysan ama daabac leh threads dahab iyo lacag, ama xariir multi-midab.

Waayo, xoog weyn oo underlay dhar daabacdaa shiraac ama maro, taas oo ku xidhnaa hoose dahaarka labaad ee unugyada jilicsan.

Gaar ahaan adag yahay daabac bidirectional on calammo iyo calammo sita. Xaaladdan oo kale, xariir iyo thread dahab mudaa marayo.

daabac Front ayaa codsiga ballaadhan - waaweyn iyo hawada pelona macbudka lagu qurxiyey, hoos walxood oo ah, meeshii allabariga oo ku dednaa, codsatay on calammo ah. Marar badan, dhar la images of quduusiinta ayaa ku lifaaqan irdaha macbudka ama madaxtooyada, iyo sidoo kale gudaha hoolka soo dhaweynta ay u.

kala duwanaansho Territorial farshaxanka qadiimiga ah

Dhaqanka of Baydka rus - rinjiyeynta, iconography, naqshadaha - waxay leedahay qaar ka mid ah variantivnost dhul saameeya labada decoration ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca, iyo muuqaalada naqshadda iyo dhismaha dhismayaasha.

Tusaale ahaan, farshaxanka qadiimiga Russia, kaas oo ku lug leedahay isticmaalka tahay sida arrimaha gudaha decoration ee kaniisadda ama mosaics, ama frescoes ah, si fiican ayaa shaaca ka qaaday by tusaale ah ee Cathedral ee St. Sophia. Halkan waxaa jira isku-dar ah oo lacag la'aan ah iyo humaag iyo kabarta farshaxankiisa, ayaa shaaca ka qaaday laba lakab Primer macbudka baaritaan ka yar. The Church of the isbeddelid tuulada Large Vyazemy oo dhan salka ku malaastaan sameeyey shiday saafi ah oo aan buuxiyo. Oo cathedral Spassky Spaso-Andronievskogo keniisad sida gesso buundada malaastaan ah shaaca ka qaaday albumin dhiigga.

Sidaas darteed, waxaannu ku tirinnaa karaa in singularity iyo kelinimada farshaxanka qadiimiga been hanuuninta iyo shakhsi dhul ay door bidaan iyo xirfadaha ee fannaaniinta Ruush gaarka ah si ay samatabbixin midabka iyo nooca fikradda sida ay xeerarka qaranka.