Farshaxankiisa-Raphaelite Pre la horyaal. Pre-Raphaelite farshaxankiisa mawduucyada

Tan iyo 1850naadkii ee England, waxay bilaabeen in ay horumariyaan jihada cusub ee gabayada iyo rinjiyeynta. Waxaa loo yaqaan "Pre-Raphaelites." Maqaalkani waxa uu soo bandhigayaa fikradaha ugu muhiimsan ee bulshada farshaxanka ah, hal-abuurka theme, farshaxankiisa Pre-Raphaelite la horyaal.

Waa kuwee-Pre Raphaelites?

In dadaal lagu doonayo in ka hesho dhaqanka tacliinta caajis iyo sharraxaadda macquul ah xilligii Victorian iska, koox ka mid ah fannaaniinta ku abuuray isaga u gaar ah jihada farshaxanka. Waxa ay gashay ku dhowaad dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, la aasaasay dabeecad gaar ah iyo isgaadhsiinta ee abuuray ay. Iyo jihada tahay, iyo wakiillo ka socda Ranjiilayaasha waxay ahaayeen isku magaca - Pre-Raphaelites. Pictures bandhigay xidhiidh buuna la yeeshay hore Renaissance ah. Dhab ahaantii, magaca bahda iska hadlaayo. Ranjiilayaasha abuuray xiiso shaqeeyey ka hor u kaca ee Raphael iyo Michelangelo. iyaga ka mid ah - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Direction horumariyo qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad.

bixitaanka

Ilaa 1850naadkii dhan tahay British hoos garabka of Academy Royal ee Arts ahaa. Its Madaxweyne, Sir Yashuuca Reynolds, iyo sidoo kale wakiilka kasta oo kale oo ka mid ah hay'adaha rasmiga ah ee diidan in ay aqbasho tabo cusub oo tijaabo ardayda uu ku dhiirri-galiyay.

In dhamaadka, kuwaas xidha cidhiidhi dhigay dhowr fanaaniinta la views la midka ah ee farshaxanka ee guud walaaltinimada midoobaan. The ugu horeysay ee wakiilkiisa noqday Holman Hunt iyo Dante Rossetti. Waxay ku kulmeen bandhig akadeemiga iyo in koorsada wadahadalka, fahamsan yahay in views ay aad ula mid yihiin.

Rossetti qoray rinjiyeynta "Dhalinyarada of Virgin Mary" waqtigan, iyo Hunt ka caawiyay isaga dhammayn ma laha, laakiin hadalka. Horeba 1849, shiraac ah waxaa lagu rusheeyey on show ah. Dadka dhallinyarada ah isku raacay in rinjiyeynta casriga Ingiriisi waxaa maraya waqti ugu fiican taariikhda. In si ay u bartey soo nooleeyo foomka farshaxanka this, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay dib ugu noqdaan aasaaska doakademicheskim, waayo, daacad iyo ficiladooda nijaasta ahayd.

The wakiilada ugu weyn ee

Marka hore, ee Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, kuwaas oo sawiro ku neefsaday oo nolol cusub dhaqanka British, ka koobnaa todoba qof.

1. Holman Hunt. Waxa uu ku noolaa nolol dheer, sii joogi run in views uu on tahay ilaa dhimashadiisii. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga of dhowr publications, noo sheegaya saabsan xubnaha walaalnimadii iyo sharaxo farshaxankiisa pre-Raphaelite. Waxaa ka mid ah farshaxankiisa ugu caansan ee rinjiile - "Shadow of Death" (rinjiyeynta diinta Ciise), "Isabella iyo Pot of Basil" (oo ku salaysan maansadu Dzhona Kitsa), "Casaaseel" (qoraal ah oo ku saleysan sheekooyinka kitaabiga ah).

2. Dzhon Mille. Wuxuu waxaa loo yaqaan ardayga ugu da'da yaraa oo ka mid ah Academy of Arts, taasi oo markii dambe u noqday Madaxweyne. John ka dib shaqo dheer in qaab walaaltinimo Pre-Raphaelite diidnay. In ay ku quudiyaan qoyskiisa, wuxuu bilaabay inuu rinjiga Wehbe on amarka iyo guulaysteen. The shaqo ugu cajiibsan - "Masiix ee Golaha Waalidka uu" (sawir diimeed, full of calaamadaha nolosha mustaqbalka iyo dhimashada Masiixa), "Ophelia" (qoraal ah oo ku salaysan dhacdooyinka of "Hamlet" ah), "goobooyin" (rinjiyeynta xilliga soo daahay ee hal-abuurka, ayaa noqday caan ah sida advertising saabuun).

3. Dante Rossetti. farshaxankiisa waxaa ka buuxsamay nidaam quruxda iyo eroticism haweenka. Afadiisa Elisabed ayaa noqday Muuse weyn oo rinjiile. Her dhimasho hoos Dante ah. Markaasuu wuxuu iyadii lagu riday sanduuq ee gacmeedyada uu gabayada, laakiin dhawr sano ka dib, soo socda isaga qudhiisa in, ayaa Oswald oo iyaga ka qabriga qaaday. shuqullada caan ah: "Waxaa barakaysan Beatrice" (muujinayaa naagtii Dante, taasoo u dhaxaysa geeri iyo nolol), "Proserpina" (ilaahadda Roman la bam-gacmeed oo gacanta ugu jira), "Veronica Veronese" (rinjiyeynta calaamad ka turjumaya habka hal abuur leh).

4. Maykl Rossetti. Dante walaalkiis, oo sidoo kale bartay Academy ah. Laakiinse aakhirkeedu wuxuu waxaan doortay naqdiya Jid iyo qoraa. farshaxankiisa Pre-Raphaelite ayaa si joogta ah u sakhirrey waxaa si aan kala sooc lahayn. Waa Biography ah walaalkiis. Wuxuu diyaariyey fikradda aasaasiga ah ee jihada.

5. Tomas Vulner. Wuxuu ahaa sculptor ah iyo Abwaan. In uu shaqo hore uu taageeray fikradda ah pre-Raphaelites, u leexatay xagga dabeecadda iyo xisaabta faahfaahinta yar. Waxa uu daabacay gabayo ee majaladda walaaltinimo, laakiin markaas ka fikradaha guud ee ay marti ku socday oo ku urursan on foomamka classical.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist oo naqdiya tahay. Pretty ugu dhakhsaha badan uu noqday arinsadeen talantigii of rinjiile oo diiradda lagu naqdiyay. Waxa uu tixgeliyo shaqada uu u sharaxdo ujeedada guud walaaltinimo iyo ammaani farshaxankiisa Pre-Raphaelite. Waxaa sii raagayaan qaar ka mid ah farshaxankiisa: "The Marquis iyo Griselda", "Hooyada iyo Caruurta", "Dhimashadii King Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Waxaan ahaa Mu'min ah, sidaas darteed wuxuu rinji maadooyin diimeed. Waxaan ka tagay bulshada ka dib markii masago rinjiyeynta lagu dhaleeceeyay in saxaafadda oo wuxuu u yeedhay caayaya. Ka mid ah shuqulladiisa - "Family Quduuska ah", "Diidmada Elizabeth ee Hungary", "Sisters".

farshaxankiisa Pre-Raphaelite oo ka dhigay in badan oo muran, lahaa tiro ka mid ah dadka sida maskax. Waxay qayb ka mid ah, walaalahana ma ahaayeen, laakiin hogaansamey fikradaha aasaasiga ah. iyaga ka mid ah - artist ah L. Alma-Tadema, naqshadeeye F. M. Brown, rinjiile William Deverell, oo daabac M. Morris, muujiye Hughes iyo kuwa kale.

Naqdiga wareega hore

Markii hore, farshaxankiisa pre-Raphaelite ayaa la kulmay by dhaleecayn xad diiran. Oo waxay ahaayeen sida neefta ah hawo cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladda sii dartey ka dib soo gudbinta iftiinka oo ka mid ah farshaxankiisa diinta dhowr, ku qoran aan la raacayo Buzadag ah.

Gaar ahaan, rinjiyeynta "Masiix in Golaha uu Parents" burush Mille. On shiraac ah u muujinaysa kuwo jawi ba'an, barn, meel u dhow kaas oo ku gedman dadyaw adhi oo ido ah. jilba Virgin Ciise yar, kuwaas oo gacanta ugu dhidib yeeli ka hor. Masago ka buuxiyey astaamaha sawirka. gacanta A dhiig - calaamad ka mid ah la Wadho mustaqbalka, baaquli biyo, taas oo uu leeyahay Yooxanaa Baabtiisaha - calaamad of jannayo, qoolley isagoo sallaankii fadhiyey, waxaa loo aqoonsaday Ruuxa Quduuska ah, oo idaha - dhibanaha aan waxba galabsan.

Dhaleeceyn ayaa ku baaqay rinjiyeynta this caayaya. Wargeyska The "The Times" loogu magac daray rinjiyaynta caasinimo farshaxanka. Qaar kale, fiiqaya in ay barbar of Family Quduuska ah uu la hadlay dadka caadiga ah, lagu gartaa sida shuqulka masago ee foosha xun oo wax laga yaqyaqsado.

sawir Rossetti "Annunciation" ayaa sidoo kale ka yar yahay weerarka. Rinjiile iska casilay xeerkoodu kitaabiga ah, Virgin xiran dhar cad. On shiraac ah waxaa soo bandhigay cabsi. HADDII Stone naqdiya ekaysiin ku-Pre Raphaelite la cilmi akeoloji aan waxtar lahayn shaqeeyaan.

Bal yaa garanaya waxa ay noqon lahaayeen kuwa qaddar ee bahda ah, haddii aan ku sameeyey kooxdiisa naqdiya Dzhon Roskin, kuwaas oo ra'yi tiriyaa oo dhan.

Saamaynta qof awood

Dzhon Roskin ahaa taariikhyahan farshaxanka iyo waxa uu ku qoran in ka badan hal shaqo cilmiyeed ka hor aqoon u leh shaqada ah ee Pre Raphaelites. Maxay ahayd inuu la yaabay markii uu ogaaday in dhamaan fikirrada iyo fikrado ka soo baxay in articles ay, ayaa ka heleen meel walaalnimadii of shiraac ah.

Ruskin ku dooday in wax lays geliyey nuxurka dabiiciga ah, fiiro gaar ah u faahfaahsan, ganaax lagu soo rogay by the Buzadag iyo Muuqaallo image sida ay noqon waa. Waxaas oo dhan waxaa ka mid ah iyo barnaamijka pre-Raphaelite.

naqdiya A ayaa ku qoran dhowr articles for "The Times", taas oo ku amaanay shaqada fannaaniinta. Yuusuf wuxuu soo iibsaday qaar ka mid ah farshaxankiisa ay, taageerada fanaaniinta, iyo damiir, iyo dhaqaale ahaan. Ruskin jeclaa qaab cusub oo aan caadi ahayn oo rinjiyaynta farshaxankiisa saliid. Pre-Raphaelites danbe abuuray dhowr Wehbe oo uu sokeeye iyo gargaare.

dhagarta

Markii hore, fanaaniin ah si gaar ah maadooyinka evangelical jeestay, oo diiradda saaraya waayo-aragnimo ah ee abuuray ee hore Renaissance ah. Oo iyana ma ay doondoonaan si ay u fuliyaan sawir ah Buzadag kiniisadda. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee ay ahayd in lagu wareejiyo fikirrada falsafada on shiraac ah. Taasi waa sababta ay farshaxankiisa pre-Raphaelite sida faahfaahsan oo calaamad.

"Dhallinyarada ee Virgin Mary" Rossetti ahaa in la ilaalinayo baahida Zaman ee Victoria. Waxa ay muujisay gabar suubban ee daryeelka u ahaa hooyadiis. Waxa caadi ahaan lagu taswiiray akhriskaba Dante waxaa gacmahuu u geliyey irbad Virgin galay. Waxay daabac on shiraac ah u ekaa - calaamad u ah khayroon daahirnimo iyo daahirsanaanta. Saddex ubaxa on stem a - Aabbaha iyo Wiilka iyo Ruuxa Quduuska ah. caleemo Palm iyo yamaarug qodxan - farxadaha iyo murugooyinka Mary. Sawirka ma aha wax aan waxba tarayn walxaha, midabyo iyo falalka - oo dhan loogu talagalay in lagu tilmaamo dareen geliyo.

Wax yar ka dib, ee Ranjiilayaasha Pre-Raphaelites, kuwaas oo sawiro soo jiidatay dareenka dadweynaha bilaabay inuu ka soo leexdo mawduuca ee sinnaan la'aanta aadanaha ( "Lady guumaysuhuna"), dhiig-miirashada ee haweenka ( "Furuujtooda dhacdeyna"), ka haajirid ( "The Last of England").

door muhiim ah, walaalahana shuqullada ciyaaray farshaxankiisa ku salaysan shuqullada ah gabayayaashiinnu Ingiriisi iyo qorayaasha. Ranjiilayaasha waxyoonay by shuqullada Shakespeare, Keats, iyo Dante Alighieri Talyaaniga.

images dhaddig

farshaxankiisa la mawduucyada jilayaasha dumarka ee ka-Pre Raphaelite arrin kala duwanaayeen. Waxay la mideeyay oo keliya in mid ka mid ah - on canvasses ay boqor ka qurux dumar ah. Ladies taswiiran wariyaasha u qurux badan, is dajiyaan, la xiriiri a of qarsoodiga. Waxaa jira maadooyin kala duwan: habaar, dhimasho, jacaylka xiliyo, adigoo daahir ah ruuxiga ah.

Marar badan waxa la kiciyey mawduuca sinaysan, halkaas oo qof dumar ah oo waa la ileys ceeb ah. Dabcan, iyadu cadaab aan naxariis lahayn oo uu tallaabo.

Dumarka inta badan ku siin in si duufsasho iyo damaca ee farshaxanka ah ee Pre Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Laakiin waxaa jira shirqool dambe, ninka waa haweenka mujrim dayrta (sida ee farshaxanka ee "Marianne", "dhacdeyna Furuujtooda").

Model The

Badanaa lagu daydo for farshaxankiisa artist doorto saaxiibada iyo qaraabada. Rossetti inta badan u qoray hooyaday iyo walaashay ( "The Youth of Virgin Mary"), laakiin sidoo kale billaabeen inay adeegyada uu sayidaddeedii Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Iyadoo Elizabeth nool yahay, oo uu naagtiisa la jecel yahay, images dumar helay wejigeeda.

Effie Gray, naagtii masago iyo ex xaaskiisa-of Ruskin, lagu qabtay on filimka "Amarkan in la sii daayo" sawirka Yooxanaa iyo burush.

Annie Miller, aroosadda Hunt, rogeen dhamaan fanaaniinta walaaltinimo ah. Waxaa la sawiray ee farshaxanka ee "Elena Troyanskaya", "Furuujtooda dhacdeyna", "Naag yahay in jaalaha ah."

Bbc

Bbc qoray oo kaliya qaar ka mid ah fannaaniinta ku jihada this. Waxay u yimaadeen oo ka mid ah derbiyada xafiisyada iyo shaqeeyay hawada furan. Tani waxay caawisay Ranjiilayaasha in ay qabsadaan si faahfaahsan kasta ee la soo dhaafay, ay sawirka waa qumman yahay.

saacadood qaatay Pre-Raphaelites ee dabiiciga ah, si aanay u seegi hal faahfaahin ah. Shaqadan waxaa loo baahan yahay dulqaad Titanic oo awood u leh inay abuuraan. Malaha ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka barnaamijka ayaa helay jihada muuqaalka badashada sida noocyo kale.

mabaadi'da Inta badan nooca rinjiyeynta in farshaxankiisa Hunt si buuxda u muuqataa "xeebaha Ingiriisi" iyo Millais 'Dayrta Leaves ".

burbur

Ka dib markii dhowr bandhigyo guul ah Ikhwaanul Pre-Raphaelite bilaabeen inay gooni dhici. isu keeno jacaylka ee qarniyadii dhexe uusan ku filnayn. Qof walba waxaa uu jidkiisa raadinaya. Hunt hadhay aamin ah mabaadi'da habkani ilaa dhamaadka.

Yaqiin yimid 1853, markii Millais ahaa xubin ka mid ah Academy Royal ah. Ikhwaanul jejebiyeen gebi ahaanba. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ka soo dhaqaaqay rinjiyeynta iska waqti dheer (tusaale ahaan, Rossetti kor u qaadeen oo qoraal ah).

Inkastoo joojinta dhabta ah ee jiritaanka, ku-Pre Raphaelites dhaqmeen sida jihada in muddo ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida caadada ah si qoraal ah sawirrada iyo mabaadii'da guud ee yar-yaacsan.

dabayaaqadii Pre-Raphaelites

Waayo, fannaaniinta, oo ka dhigan marxaladda dambe dabcan, waxaa ka mid ah Simecoon Sulaymaan (shaqada qabsatay nuxurka dhaq dhaqaaqa iyo ujeedooyinkooda aestheticism qaniis), Evelyn De Morgan (qoray mawduuc mythological, sida "Ariadne auf Naxos"), muujiye Genri Forda.

Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah fanaaniinta, kuwaas oo saamayn ku farshaxankiisa Pre-Raphaelite. Photos of qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah oo inta badan soo muuqday saxaafadda Ingiriiska. Waxaa Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John dhowow, Edmund Leighton iyo kuwa kale.

qiimaha

Prerafaelitizm ku dhowaad loo yaqaan jihada ugu horeysay ee farshaxanka ee England, taas oo caan ku dunida oo dhan. naqdiya kasta ama xirfad laawe uu opinion u gaar ah iyo xaq u leeyahay in la qiimeeyo hal-abuurka ee Ranjiilayaasha. Waxaa sugan in wax ka mid ah oo keliya - waa for daalaeday galay dhammaan dhinacyada kala duwan ee bulshada.

Haddaba badan reinvented. shuqullada Written cusub sayniska, sida "Pre-Raphaelites Life iyo shaqada 500 farshaxanka.." Qof yimaado garawsannay in wakiilada habkani ahaa horreeyay ee Symbolists ah. Qof ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan saameynta ay ku Hippie Pre-Raphaelite iyo xataa Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases muujiyay in keentay matxafyada ee Britain. Ku lidi ah aaminaada, farshaxankiisa pre-Raphaelite in Hermitage aan la kaydin. Exhibition ah farshaxankiisa markii ugu horeysay muujiyey in Russia ee 2008 at Tretyakov Gallery ah.