Dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn Universal ee dalalka Midowga Yurub iyo Russia

dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn waa nooc ka mid ah nidaamka ammaanka bulshada, kuwaas oo dhammaan muwaadiniinta iyo dadka deggan dalka si joogto ah oo ka socda dawladda ama urur kasta oo kale oo dadweynaha ee intaa dheer in suurtagalnimada ee dakhliga hesho xoogaa lacag ah. Haddii ay sidaas tahay oo ay bixiyaan hab ka yar heerka nolol ugu yaraan, waxay waxaa loo arkaa qayb ahaan. dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn waa qayb muhiim ah oo noocyo badan ee hantiwadaagga suuqa. Ra'yiga Apologists taagan Filipp Van Parijs, Eylsa Makkey, André Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, Peter Vallentyne iyo Guy Joogtada.

xididdada taariikheed

Doodda ku saabsan baahida loo qabo hordhaca ah ee dakhliga shuruud universal bilaabay in Europe ee 1970-1980 ee. Waxay ahayd qayb ahaan sabab u doodda ee Maraykanka iyo Canada. Arrinta si tartiib tartiib ah ay bilaabeen in ay la wada hadleen dhammaan dalalka horumariyo, Latin America, Bariga Dhexe iyo xitaa dalalka qaar ka mid ah Africa iyo Asia. Fund Joogtada Alaska waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah tusaalooyin fiican ee lacag aan shuruud lahayn dakhli, inkastoo qayb ahaan. nidaamyada la mid ah badbaadada bulshada ka jira Brazil, Macau iyo Iran. mashaariicda aasaasiga ah pilot dakhliga waxaa la fuliyay in Maraykanka iyo Kanada ee 1960 iyo 1970, Namibia (2008) iyo Hindiya (tan iyo 2010). In Europe, waxaa jira xal siyaasadeed in ay isku dayaan si ay u hirgeliyaan ee France, Holland iyo Finland. In 2016 ee Switzerland lagu qabtay afti on arrinta, laakiin 77% dadka codeeyay hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn.

ilaha maalgelinta

Marka Milton Friedman iyo dhaqaaleyahannada kale ugu horeysay soo jeediyay canshuurta dakhliga xun, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nidaamka saami loo yareeyo lahaa xafiisyada iyo ugu danbeyn keeni ah ee dakhliga loogu balan degan kasta. Dadka taageersan fikradda this dooday "cagaaran", hantiwadaagnimadu qaar ka mid ah, lagu sheekeesto deeganka iyo kuwa lagu magacaabo xisbiga burcad badeeda. Wakiillada oo ka mid ah dugsiyada dhaqaale kala duwan oo loo bixiyey inuu maal mashruuca siyaabo kala duwan. hantiwadaagnimadu The rumeysan yahay in loo xaqiijiyo in dakhliga shuruud universal waxaa lagu gaari karaa iyada oo loo marayo lahaanshaha dadweynaha oo ka mid ah hab-soo-saarka iyo khayraadka dabiiciga ah. "Xeerarka", tusaale ahaan, Friedman rumeysan yahay in kaliya u baahan tahay in ay galaan nidaam canshuur saami. Green bixiyey hab u gaar ah. Waxay aaminsan yihiin in dakhli aan shuruud lahayn loo maalgelin karo kharash ku canshuurta deegaanka. Waxaa ka mid ah ilaha kale ee dakhliga shuruud u ah dhamaan lagu magacaabi karaa nidaamka horusocod ah VAT, iyo dib u habaynta lacageed.

barnaamijyada pilot

Tusaalaha ugu guulaha badan ee xaqiiqada ah in ugu yaraan dakhliga shuruud qayb ahaan la soo bandhigay ayaa laga yaabaa, waa Fund Joogtada Alaska ah. Sidoo kale ka shaqeeya nidaamka Bolsa Familia qoysaska saboolka ah ee Brazil. Barnaamijyada kale ee tijaabo ka mid ah:

• Tijaabo la canshuurta dakhliga xun ee Maraykanka iyo Kanada ee 1960 iyo 1970.
• Mashruucu wuxuu ku Namibia oo bilaabay sanadkii 2008.
• Tijaabo ee Brazil tan iyo 2008.
• Mashruuca Indian, taas oo bilaabay sanadkii 2011.
• Sii toos ah initiative ee Kenya iyo Uganda. Waxay ku lug leedahay diraya gargaarka samafalka via telefoonada gacanta si ay dadka ku nool saboolnimada ba'an.
• Daraasad ee meelaha miyiga ah ee North Carolina ee dalka Mareykanka.

In Germany, mashruuca ku lug 26 qof, kuwaasoo mid walba uu dawladdu bixiso 1,000 euros bishii. Laga soo bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2019 kasta degganow Finland ayaa sidoo kale lagu siin doonaa lacag ah qaar ka mid ah lacag oo qayb ka ah tijaabo ah.

Bulgaria

Dhamaadka March 2013 Fund The Blue Bird Foundation baratay "hindise oo ka mid ah muwaadiniinta Yurub ee dakhliga shuruud la'aan" wuxuuna go'aansaday inuu ku biiro xilli ciyaareedka. Tony Badzhdarov jeediyay model dhamaystiran waayo Bulgaria. Source maaliyad waayo, taasu waa u adeegaan sida lacagta madax bannaan, soo laabashada VAT iyo waajibaadka canshuuraha. Kooxda ayaa abuuray its site gaar ah iyo pages on shabakadaha bulshada. Ololaha ayaa waxaa lagu xayeysiiyaa raadiyaha qaranka iyo dhulka hoostiisa ah. Fund suurtagashay in ay hesho taageerada ururada dhowr iyo ururrada shaqaalaha. Initiative ee codbixinta online oo ay taageerayaan tiro diiwaanka dadka. Bishii December 2014 Waxaa Jirtay in Koox ka horeysay siyaasadeed, oo ay ka mid hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn in ay barnaamijka. Waxaa loo yaqaan "Midowga Bulgarian dimuqraadiyada si toos ah" iyo dagaalamaya xaq u leeyahay qof kasta oo nolol sharaf leh.

United Kingdom

In the UK, dakhli shuruud aasaasiga ah ee muwaadin kasta - waxaa muddo dheer mawduuc laga doodo. Waayo, waxaa uu u dhamo Dennis Milner ee 1920. Maanta, inta badan xisbiyada siyaasadda ama Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ha ka fikirina fikrad this, ama waxa ka soo horjeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira Taageerayaasha dakhli aan shuruud lahayn. "Scottish National Party" shir guga ee 2016 wuxuu u yeedhay bedelka nidaamka ammaanka bulshada ee hadda jira. "Waayo," ayaa lagu dhigay iyo qaar ka mid ah kooxaha kale ee siyaasadeed. ka mid ah "cagaaran", ka hantiwadaagnimadu Scottish iyo "burcad badeed" ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Bishii Febraayo 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell ayaa sheegay in hordhaca ah ee dakhliga aasaasiga ah waxaa loo arkaa xisbiyada Labour Party.

Germany

Germany ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo bilowgii 1980, ka fikir sida aad u soo bandhigo dakhli aan shuruud lahayn. Germany ayaa dhawaan bilaabay inuu fuliyo mashruuca, taas oo 26 qof ka qaybgalay. Muddo sanado ah, waayo, hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn oo dalka ka jiray oo kaliya a saynisyahano yar, sida Claus Offe. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii dib u habaynta la soo jeediyay by golaha Gerharda Shredera ee 2003-2005 sanad ah, in Germany waxaa jira taageerayaasha badan oo fikrad this. Kulanka 2009th ee Baarlamaanka ayaa u dhaqmeen on Vayst Suzanne ah - guri joogta ah, codsi ah oo helay 52973 cod. In 2010, Germany maray dibad-yar ee dakhliga buuxda, ugu weyn - in Berlin. Tan iyo 2011-ka "for" bilowga falka, "Pirate Party". ee xubnaha shakhsi shakhsiga ah kooxaha kale ee siyaasadeed ayaa sidoo kale taageero fikradda guud ee dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn.

Netherlands

dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn si aada dooday ka 1970 ilaa 1990. Markii hore, wadahadal la bilaabay by dhaqaaleyahan Leo Yansenom ee 1975. hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn ayaa lagu soo daray barnaamijka doorashada iyo Siyaasadda ee asal-raaca ah xisbiga. In 10-ka sano ee la soo dhaafay, su'aasha ayaa la sara kiciyey hal mar oo keliya. In 2006, oo amiir u ahaa "cagaaran" Femke Halsema ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn in uu barnamijkiisa doorashada. Magaalada Utrecht, dadka afraad ee ugu weyn dalka, ayaa bilaabay mashruuc tijaabo ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dakhliga buuxda waa in la bixiyaa oo kaliya in koox dad ah kuwaas oo horey u qaadato gargaarka. About 30 magaalo oo haatan sidoo kale ka fiirsanaya inuu ka mid ah hirgelinta mashruuca noocan oo kale ah.

Shuruud Finland dakhliga

"Center", mid ka mid ah afarta xisbi siyaasadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyo sidoo kale "Alliance bidix" iyo "Green League", ay guushu ku hordhaca ah ee fikirka this. In May 2015, sanadka dowladda go'aansaday inay soo bandhigto dakhli aan shuruud lahayn. Finland noqon doonaa dalkii ugu horeeyay, taas oo dhan waxay heli doonaan muddo laba sano ah lacag tan iyo 2017.

France

dakhliga An aasaasiga ah shuruud la'aan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida fikrad ka 1970. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keliya ee 2015, baarlamaanka Aquitaine gobolka u codeeyay in ay korsato. Bishii Janaayo 2016-jirka wadatashi dadweyne oo ku saabsan arrimaha digital daabacay warbixin kuwaas oo waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay sameeyaan tijaabo ah. poll A muujisay in dadka intiisa badan ahaa ay guushu ku bixinta dakhli shuruud aasaasiga ah ee muwaadiniinta oo dhan.

Switzerland: Aftida

dakhliga An aasaasiga ah shuruud la'aan ayaa muddo dheer looga hadlay dalka. Switzerland ayaa urur Bien-Switzerland iyo kooxda Grundeinkommen, waa ay guushu ku fulinaya fikradda this. In 2006, sociologist Zhan Zigler loo yaqaan dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn ee Switzerland, mid ka mid ah fikradaha ugu horusocod ah. Sannadkii 2008 Daniel Hani iyo Enno Schmidt sameeyey filim ah oo uu isku dayay in uu sharaxo faa'iidada hirgelinta fikradda this. Waxa ay u muuqatay in ka badan 400 oo kun oo qof. dadka inta badan waxaa isagii u mahad xitaa ka sii badan ee Jarmalka iyo dalalka ku hadla afka Faransiiska u noqday taageerayaasha fikradda ah. Bishii Abriil 2012, dakhliga buuxda ee Switzerland ahaa mawduuca ah hindisaha sharci-dejinta oo caan ah. Ololaha maamula si ay u ururiyaan lagama maarmaanka ah 126,000 oo saxiix. afti A ee Switzerland dakhliga shuruud lagu qabtay June 5, 2016. In ka badan 77% ka mid ah dadka deegaanka ayaa diiday in ay hesho 2500 oo faran bil ah.

Russia

Dad badan oo degaan ah ee Ruush ku dhuftay warar sheegaya in Swiss ay diideen in ay lacag helaan si fudud. Isla su'aasha kacay in dakhliga buuxda ee Russia waxaa suurto gal ah? Waxaa ka mid ah darrada nidaamka ammaanka bulshada sida ma aha oo kaliya in la kordhiyo canshuurta on muwaadiniinta dalka iyo hoos u of dhiirogelin in shaqada, laakiin sidoo kale tirada sii kordhaysa ee soo galootiga. Switzerland ayaa soo jeediyay hordhaca ah ee dakhli shuruud la'aan ah 2,500 oo faran, wuxuu ku saabsan yahay bar mushaharka celcelis ahaan. Haddii aad isticmaasho habka xisaabinta this for Russia, halkan waxa uu noqon lahaa ku saabsan 10,000 rubles. Tan iyo 1 July, mushaharka ugu yar ee uu noqon doono 7500 oo kaliya, qiimaha maciishadda xitaa hoose. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira dad badan oo doonaya in ay "guriga joogaan". Sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, hordhaca ah ee dakhli aan shuruud lahayn in Russia ku dhiiri galin kartaa sicir bararka oo kaliya, sababtoo ah lacagta aan la shakhsi doonaa oo lala beegsaday si ay dadka ugu nugul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira meel kale oo ka mid ah view. khubarada qaar ayaa rumaysan in hordhaca ah ee dakhli shuruud u oggolaan doonaa dadka in ay sameeyaan waxa ay xirfadda. Oo waxay ku yeelan karaan saamayn weyn ku ool ah oo muddo dheer ka. Waxaa laga yaabaa in dadka bilaabi doonaan in ay sameeyaan cilmi-baadhis dheeraad ah oo aasaasi ah. Iyo Russia sugi doonaa isbedel farsamada degdeg ah. Ama dakhliga aan shuruud lahayn caawin kara dadka shaqo dheeraad ah oo hal abuur sameyn. Sidaas darteed, waxaa lagu talinayaa in loo sameeyo tijaabo ee Russia magaalada ama bartilmaameed hal koox.

dhaleeceyn

Baarlamaanka Jarmal, Guddiga wada hadlay hordhaca ah ee dakhliga guud iyo shuruud la'aan loo arkaa mashruuca CANQARA. Waxaa horey doodaha soo socda:

• Waxa uu dhigi doonaa in hoos u weyn ee dhiirogelin ka mid ah muwaadiniinta caadiga ah, kuwaas oo, ee jeedo, oo keeni cawaaqib aan la saadaalin karin dhaqaalaha shaqeeyaan.
• Waxaan u baahanahay inaad buuxiso Manhajkooda lacagaha canshuuraha, ammaanka bulshada iyo hawlgabka, taasoo keeni doonta in kharashka la taaban karo.
• Nidaamka Jarmal hadda waa wax ku ool ah, sababtoo ah waa ka badan shakhsiga. Qadarka gargaarka aan la dhigay si adag oo ay ku xiran tahay dhaqaale ee qofka. Waayo, qaar ka mid ah kooxaha nugul dakhliga shuruud ma laga yaabaa in ku filan oo ay ku noolaadaan.
• Hirgelinta mashruucan waxay keeni doontaa in qulqulaya weyn oo waddanka u soo guurey.
• Wuxuu wuxu doono ballaarinta dhaqaalaha hooskii.
• Kororka u dhiganta in canshuurta waxay keeni doontaa in sinnaan weyn ugu wacan in ay ku boodaan in qiimaha cuntooyinka aasaasiga ah in ka sii dari doonaa booska dhaqaale oo ka mid ah dadka saboolka ah.
• Halka Germany lagama helin hab-gal si ay u maal hordhaca ah ee dakhliga shuruud universal.

Sida aad arki karto, Germany iyo wadamo kale oo badan, oo ay ku jiraan Russia, su'aasha furan.