Camera Obscura - waxa uu yahay waxan? "Great awoowe" camera

Camera obscura - noocooda ah ee camera casriga ah. Waxaa qalab badnayn waxaa ka caawiyay awowayaashayo in ay qabsadaan daqiiqado cad ah nolosha.

qeexid

Camera obscura - qalab sahlan indhaha oo awood loo maqli karo ee images of shay. From Laatiin macnaheedu yahay "qol mugdi ah" in inta badan si cad u tusaysaa in qalab ah. Waa sanduuq la god, iyo daaha galaas matte ama warqad. Cabaar dhex gelis cooshado, nuurka xanbaarsan contours ee shayga dushiisa.

macluumaadka taariikhiga ah

Taariikhda sawir ka badan hal qarni. Dabcan, waxaa la kala saari Karin xidhiidh ula qalabka sida obscura camera a. Xusuuso waxay marka hore waxaa ka mid ah taariikhda dib uga qarnigii V BC. Faylasuuf Shiinaha Mao Tse tilmaamay shuqulladiisa arrin xiiso leh: derbigii image a qol mugdi ah oo ku saabsan muuqday. Sidoo kale xaaladda ku tilmaamay by Aristotle.

Tallaabada xigta waa la tixgelin karaa qarnigii X. Ibn Alhazen (aqoonyahan Carabi), barashada Sun, yeelanayay ah teendhadii dhawrid ku gaar ah. Waxa uu ahaa kii, ay barbar socdaan abuurka aragti cusub oo faafinta light, ayaa sheegay in mabda'a obscura camera ah.

Taariikhda sawir waxaa kala saari Karin xidhiidh ula horumarinta xiddigaha. Sidaas darteed, marka hore camera a pinhole ayaa helay codsiga in aragtida madoobaad qoraxda (XIII qarnigii). Laakiin Leonardo da Vinci codsatay qalabka si fasalada uu rinjiyeynta, kaas oo ku qoran faahfaahin in uu shaqada. Tan iyo markaas, fanaaniin badan ayaa loo isticmaalaa obscura camera in uu shaqada.

Fikradda in ay qalabeeyaan gashto camera ugu horeysay ee la soo bandhigay in 1550 by jirka Talyaaniga G. Cardano. Waxa uu garawsannay in hal-abuurka sida weyn u hagaajin doona tayada image ku yimid. A dhowr sano ka dib Talyaani kale - D. Barbaro -predlozhil gashto defragmirovat dheeraad ah.

tricks fanaaniinta

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in obscura camera ah - qalab ka mid ah cirbixiyeyaasha qadiimiga ah iyo kuwa indhaha, kuwaas oo shaqada fannaaniinta dhiiri saynisyahano si ay u abuuraan sawirada. In dadaal lagu hawlahooda u fududeeya, fannaaniinta si firfircoon oo isticmaalaya qalabka. Sidaas, iyadoo la kaashanayo fanaaniinta pinhole in la odoroso image ah ee warqadda ama nuurad, ka dibna ku contours uu dhuxusha, qalin, renjiga ama qalabka kale. Waa tallaabo this keentay physicists u maleeyeen in camera waa in aan si fudud loo saadaaliyey, laakiin sidoo kale in lagu soo qabto image ah.

Sayidka, shuqullada ugu macquul ah fanaaniinta - ma aha oo kaliya mudnaanta xirfadaha gaarka ah, laakiin sidoo kale obscura camera a. Waxaa caddeeyeen in Louis raaxo carrogis Wehbe carmontelle iyo cityscapes muuqaal dabiici ah Bellotto - waa natiijada isticmaalaya cutubkan. Oo xataa qarnigii XIX ah, marka pinhole wuxuu bilaabay inuu wareejiyo image fuulay warqada, fanaaniinta isticmaashay hantida this khafiif midabayntu lithograph la watercolor.

Mabda 'hawlgalka

Saas ma aha ee heer hoose ah, laakiin qalab waqti isku mid adag waa obscura camera a. Mabda'a hawlgalka waa in, oo maraya meel daloosha oo dhinaca hore ee qalabka, rays qoraxda soo saaro image ah shaashadda. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay ka yeellay korkoodii celin doonaa.

Waa in la ogaadaa in image low-qeexidda ka caawisaa si ay u sameeyaan camera a pinhole. photos waa arrin kharibi. Macaamiloon kaliya waa la kordhin karaa iyadoo la yareynayo dalool "gashto" ah, kaas oo u ogolaanaya in ay yareeyaan saameynta uu shisheeye-rays shaashadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keliya aperture weyn ka dhigi karaa image ka sii dhalaal.

noocooda ah ee camera casriga ah

The obscura camera kowaad wuxuu ahaa arrin heer hoose ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, at outlet waxaa la siiyaa image ah rogay, taas oo aan aad u sahlan. Laakiin by 1686 qalab Yoganessa Zahn la casriyeeyay, in la siiyo camera ugu horeysay ee la qaadi karo. Waxaa ku qalabeysan muraayadaha qalabka, iyaga gelinayn xagal 45 digrii. Waxay odoroso image ku platina siman.

In horumarka ah ee sawir aan joojiyay. Seynisyahanno si joogto ah kaamilayna qalab, qalabaynta lenses ay, taas oo aan kaliya u fidiya xagal la daawado, laakiin sidoo kale ka dhigaysa sawirka cad. Sidaas darteed, waxay awoodi karaan si aad u hesho a camera yar mobile in wax soo saarka ay soo saaraan a sawiro ku filan fiiqan ahaayeen.

beddelka

Ogaanshaha sida camera a pinhole, qaar ka mid ah dadka soo jeedin ku raaxaysan masraxa a home run. Tusaale ahaan, qodista god yar derbiga dibadda, ayaa loo arki karaa on diyaarad ka soo horjeeda, waayo waxa ka dhacaya on wadada. Maqnaanshaha television waxay ahayd madadaalo xiiso leh. Laakiin tani, dabcan, isticmaalka heer hoose ah mabda'a pinhole ah.

war abuurashadoodii horusocod More ahaa ee loo yaqaan "camera pinhole" ah. Waa nooc ka mid ah camera ah taas oo siku waxaa la siiyaa halkii god yar. Sawiro laga qaaday iyadoo la kaashanayo of qalab this jilicsan yahay, laakiin arrin qoto dheer. Waxaa la xusay rajada line ku dhawaad qumman yahay. qalab Tani waa caan ah xitaa ka mid ah sawir qaadayaasha casriga ah.

In 1807 Wollaston abuurtay camera ah lucida. Waxaa soo askunmay leh afar weji. waxaa dhigaya xagal gaar ah, waxaa suurto gal ahayd inay ku wareejiso image fuulay warqada. Sayidka, lucida jeclaaday by fannaaniinta kuwaas oo sameeyey iyadoo la kaashanayo sawiro heer sare ah oo sax ah iyo Dakatu.

Sida loo sameeyo aad camera u gaar ah

Samaynta dib u eegista qalabka, dad tiro yar fikirto waxa uu ahaa camera ugu horeysay. Dabcan, aad ka heli karto macluumaad ku saabsan internetka ama buugaag, laakiin si ka badan oo xiiso leh iyo wargelin naftaada ka dhigi doonaa camera ah. Waayo, kan aad u baahan tahay dhiibsan caadi ah. On dhinaca hore u baahan tahay inaad god yar (aan ka badan nus millimeter ah, haddii kale camera ma shaqeyn doonto). Qeybta hoose ee sanduuqa ay ku riday warqad sawir ama filim. Haddaba meel camera a cooshado si ay u "gashto" ayaa lagu soo diray. 4-5 saacadood ka dib, marka aad furto sanduuqa of kulan, aad arki doonaa in warqad (film) muujiyaan contours ee shayga.

waayo, xirfadlayaasha

Camera obscura - qalab sahlan, laakiin arrin xiiso leh in meedka ah maskaxda oo casri ah. Dabcan, waxaad samayn kartaa qalab heer hoose ah dhiibsan, sanduuqa kabaha ama daasadaha shaah ah, laakiin hadii aad u jeclaan of sawir, waxaad samayn kartaa camera ah, qiyaas si asalka ah. Sayidka, isku technology casriga ah iyo aqoonta qadiimiga ah, waxaad samayn kartaa asalka arrin.

Waxaad u baahan doontaa:

• dabooli ka jirka camera ah;
• piece square ee aluminium (daasadaha waa laga gooyn karo oo ka soo baxay biir ama kaarboonta cabitaannada fudud);
• irbad;
• sharootada korontada madow;
• xoqo,
• maqaska,
• layliga.

dabool jidhku camera si qodo dhexroor dalool oo ah 5 mm a. Si fiican u shiiddo oo dhan unevenness la xoqo ganaax si jajabkii ka caag ah kuma jiraan qolkii.

Next, god waa in la sameeyaa in xoogaa yar oo aluminium. Taas waxaa la samayn karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab irbad dalool ah 7 jeer. goosin Tani waxay sidoo kale u baahan tahay in si taxadar leh loo qoray, ka dibna waxaa soo lifaaq si daboolka taasi oo ka koollo. Waxaa muhiim ah in xarunta oo ka mid ah laba godad u dhigma.

Waxaa weli kaliya in ay ku soo lifaaq cap si siku iyo bilaaban rasaasta. Marka la eego in diaphragm ku waa yar yahay, khubaro ku talinaynaa isticmaalaya Maala-a. Si aad u hesho images cad, waayo Nuur of flash loo isticmaalo.

gunaanad

Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore, iyo nimankii ogaa sida camera a pinhole shaqeeya. Laga soo gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah sayniska, qalab this si tartiib tartiib ah u guureen boqortooyadii reer farshaxanka. Sida ka leexatay, xaqiiqo ka duwanyihiin iyo saxsanaanta shuqullada documentary ah ee fannaaniinta badan - waa natiijada isticmaalaya pinhole ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalab ugu loo isticmaalo la helay duurka ku ah sawir. Waxaa sabab u ah sanduuqa madow heer hoose ah, awowayaashayo ay awoodaan in ay qabsadaan waqtiyada ugu muhiimsan in karaayi for taariikhda.