Aragtida Guud ee Shaqada, Interest iyo Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: kooban

"General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money" waxaa qoray oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ka British John Maynard Keynes. Buugani waxa uu noqday uu Opus Magnum. Author ah "Aragtida Guud ee Shaqada, Interest iyo Money" ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u qeexaan foomka iyo liiska shuruudaha macroeconomics casriga ah. Ka dib markii la daabaco shaqada bishii Febraayo 1936, waxaa jiray wax-u kacaan Keynesian. dhaqaaleyahannada badan ayaa ka dhaqaaqay aaminsan classical iska in suuqyada madax bannaan soo celin karaa shaqo buuxda ka dib markii ay naxdin leh ku meel gaar ah. Buuggu wuxuu markii ugu horeysay lagu soo bandhigay fikradaha sida hadda loo yaqaan badan waxa, function isticmaalka, soo saarka yarna caasimada, baahida loo qabo wax ku ool ah iyo doorashada for hantidooda.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Kooban

Aasaasihii mustaqbalka ee macroeconomics casriga ah waxa uu ku dhashay 1883kii magaalada Cambridge. fikradaha uu u socdeen fundamentallno beddelo aragtida iyo dhaqanka ah go'aan qaadashada dadweynaha duurka dhaqaale. Dzhon Meynard Keyns waa mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ugu saameynta badan ee qarnigii 20aad. Waxa uu beeniyay postulate ee aragtida ah classical ee waxtarka ah ee "gacanta aan la arki karin" oo ah suuqa. Keynes garawsannay in heerka guud ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa baahida wadar ahaan yimid. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la soo dhaafay iyo waa in ay diiradda saaraan gobolka sida jaangooyaha sayidkayga ah, oo shaqadoodu tahay si loo yareeyo wareegyada ganacsiga. Dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka ka dib markii dalalka ku dhowaad dhammaan horumariyo ayaa ku salaysan siyaasadaha si waafaqsan views Keynesian. Interest in arrintan bilaabay inuu daneyneysaa in 1970 oo xidhiidh la leh awood la'aanta in la xakameeyo heerka sicir bararka sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii xiisadda dhaqaale ee 2007-2008. Waddamo badan oo ay bilaabeen in ay ku noqdaan habab Keynesian xeerka iyo faragelinta dowladda firfircoon ee dhaqaalaha dalka, sida Keynes Oge Dulsan. "General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money" waxaa loo arkaa shaqada ugu weyn ee cilmiga ah. Waxaa ku jira oo dhan eraybixinta aasaasiga ah oo lagu daydo ee habkani.

"General Aragtida of Employment, Interest, iyo Money": buugga

Fikradda asaasiga ah ee Keynes Opus Magnum waa in heerka shaqo la'aanta ee aan la go'aamiyo qiimaha shaqada, sida arkay baahida neoclassic iyo wadar ahaan labada lug. Aasaasihii of macroeconomics u maleeyeen in shaqo buuxda ma keliya lagu gaari karaa by habab suuqa. Sidaa darteed waxaa lagama maarmaan ah fara gelin ku sameeyeen ciidamada saddexaad, in uu yahay gobolka. Work "General Aragtida of Employment, Interest oo Money," in underutilization ee awoodda wax soo saarka iyo dinaca - ". Gacantiisa aan la arki karin" xaalad dabiiciga ah ee arrimaha dhaqaalaha suuqa, taas oo si gaar ah u maamula saynisyahan The doodaysaa in la'aanta ah ee tartanka - tani ma aha dhibaato weyn, mararka qaar xitaa hoos u dhac in mushaharka aysan abuuraynin shaqooyin dheeraad ah. Keynes bilowgaba heer sare ah buug uu qoray. Waxa uu rumaysan yahay in ay noqon karto foorari oo dhan views dhaqanka. In warqad uu saaxiib Bernard Shaw ee 1935, Dzhon Keyns qoray: "Waxaan aaminsanahay in samaynaya qoray buug ku saabsan aragtida dhaqaalaha, kaas oo noqon doona horumar weyn - dabcan, aan si dhakhso ah, laakiin in ka badan tobankii sano ee soo socda - sida dunida go'aan ka timi dhibaatooyinka dhaqaalaha. " Tani shaqada aasaasiga ah waxay ka kooban tahay 6 buugaagta (Muga), ama 24 cutub.

Hordhac

"General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money" daabacay isla markiiba in afar luqadood: Ingiriisi, Jarmal, Japan iyo Faransiis. Si kasta oo ka mid ah publications, Keynes qoray Hordhac ah. Xooga lagu meeleeyo iyaga in yar ka duwan. In edition Ingiriisi ah ee uu shaqada, Keynes la taliyaa oo dhan dhaqaaleyahannada, laakiin muujinney rajada in ay waxtar leh in kuwa ku akhriyey oo dhan u noqon doonaa. Waxaa sidoo kale, in kastoo cad at jaleecada hore, laakiin dhan la xiriirta isla, qoraal shan sano ka hor iyada oo uu buugga kale ee u dhexeeya - ". Khuseeya on Money"

sal-dhigida

Waa maxay shaqada ee "General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money"? Si kooban ay nuxurka lagu tilmaami karaa: baahida loo abuuraa soo jeedinta, xaaladda dambe waa wax aan macquul aheyn. cutubkii ugu horeeyay qaadataa oo keliya nus page a. Total mugga ee saddex qaybood:

• "General Aragtida."
• "The postulates dhaqaalaha classical."
• "Mabda'a baahida wax ku ool ah."

In qaybaha kor ku xusan, Keynes sharaxayaa sababta uu u aaminsan yahay in kitaabkan bedeli kartaa aragtida dhaqaaleyahannada ah oo ku saabsan hawlaha dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu sheegay in horyaalka ayaa si gaar ah u doortay inuu muujiyo kala duwan la aragtida ah classical, isticmaalka natiijooyinka kuwaas oo wax ku ool ah oo keliya xaaladaha qaarkood, laakiin aan mar walba.

Book II: «Qeexitaanka iyo fikrado"

Waxay ka kooban tahay afar cutub:

• "Doorashada ka cutub oo cabbirka."
• "The filayo ee wax soo saarka iyo dejiyo shaqada labadaba".
• "Qeexidda dakhliga, kaydka iyo maalgashiga."
• "A dood dheeraad ah oo buuxda."

"Dhaxleen The inay u baabba'do"

mugga saddexaad sharxayaa nuxurka isticmaalka iyo sharaxayaa sida ay u kiciya ama hawlaha dhaqaale. Keynes rumeysan yahay in inta lagu guda jiro niyad-jabka waxay dawladdu u baahan tahay inaad guuleysatey ah "engine" kharashka dheeraadka ah. Buugani wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex cutub:

• "Arrimo Ujeeddo".
• "Dejiyo Subjective".
• "Dhaxleen The yarna si loo dhammeeyo oo badan waxa."

Sida laga soo xigtay Keynes, suuqa uusan haysan awood u leh inay is-sharciyeynta. Ma uusan aaminsanahay in shaqada buuxa waa xaalad dabiici ah in uu yahay Hubi in aad u dhigay muddo dheer. Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in qabashada gobolka. koboca dhaqaalaha, sida uu sheegay wakiilkiisa of Keynesianism, waa gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan maaliyadeed iyo karti siyaasadda lacagta.

"Dhiirogelin The si ay u maal"

wax soo saarka The yarna caasimada - saamiga u dhexeeya iman kara dakhliga iyo kharashka. Keynes u dhiganta ee heerka sicir-dhimis. Buuga afaraad ka kooban yahay 10 cutub:

• "The soo saarka yarna caasimadda."
• "Dawladdu waxay of muddo dheer laga filayo."
• "The aragti guud oo xiiso leh."
• "Aragtida Qadiimiga ah".
• "Dhiirigelin Psychological iyo ganacsiga in ay hantidooda."
• "Indhaynta kala duwan oo ku saabsan nooca caasimadda."
• "Properties Fundamental of Interest iyo Money".
• "General Aragtida of Employment, cusub diyaariyey".
• "Shaqada ee shaqo la'aanta."
• "Price Aragtida".

"Notes Warbixinta Gaarka ah ee"

shaqo oo dhamaystiran u fiican dhaqaalaha ( "General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money"), comments qoraaga saddex cutub:

• "On wareegga ganacsiga."
• "On mercantilism, sharciyada Ribada, lacag been abuurtay iyo aragtiyaha underconsumption."
• "On falsafada bulshada.

In cutubka ugu dambeeya, Keynes qoray: "... fikradaha dhaqaaleyahannada iyo faylosuufiinta siyaasadeed, eegeyn in ay sax yihiin, wax badan ka xoog badan waxaa caadi rumeysan yihiin. Indeed, Duniduna waxay u talin jiray wax yar ka duwan. nin wax ku ool ah, rumeeyey naftooda gebi ahaanba ka madax banaan fikirrada saynisyahano, sida caadiga ah waa addoommadii qaar ka mid ah dhaqaaleyahan baaba'ay. Crazy xoog dheegato fikradahooda ka articles sanadkii la soo dhaafay ee scribblers qaar ka mid ah dunida of science. Waxaan ku kalsoonahay in xoogga xiisaynaya maalgashigaa waa weyn u buunbuuniyay la faafidda tartiib ah ay saameyn ku leeyihiin fikrado marka la barbar dhigo. Dabcan, ma si degdeg ah, laakiin ka dib markii muddo waqti go'an; dhaqaalaha iyo fikradaha falsafada siyaasadeed saameyn ku leh aragtida ah iyo 25-30 sano yeelan karaan. Oo waa fikrado, ma dano, ay qatar ku yihiin wadada si fayo-qabka ama cidhiidhi ku jira. "

Taageero iyo dhaleeceyn

"General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money" kuma jirto hanuun faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan maareynta dhaqaalaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Keynes muujiyeen in ku celceliyaan sidii ay saamayn ku maal-gashiga iyo hoos u isticmaalka gaarka ah ee dulsaarka muddo-dheer iyo dib u habaynta nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta. Paul Samuelson wittily sheegay in Keynesianism "dhuftay dhaqaaleyahanno badan oo dhallinyaro ah, sida weeraro cudur cusub oo lama filaan ah ooy Halaagtay qabiilka cidlo ah ee Jasiirada ee Badaha South ah."

Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii aad oo ka mid ah "General Aragtida of Employment, Interest iyo Money" wuxuu ahaa arrin lagu muransan yahay. Qofna ma garanayn waxa Keynes uu maanka. muraajiceeyey Hore ayaa loo dhigay mid aad u muhiim ah. Keynesianism inta badan ku leedahay guulaha ay gaadheen in ay waxa loogu yeero "ereygu neoclassical" iyo gaar ahaan, Alvin Hansen, Paul Samuelson iyo John Hicks. Waxay yeelatay sharaxaad cad oo ku aragti ah baahida wadar ahaan labada lug. Hansen iyo Samuelson abuurtay ah "Keynesian Cross" iyo Hicks abuuray model ah IS-su'aaalo (maalgelinta nafaha). Baahsan "Aragtida Guud" ka dib markii Depression Great ah. Suuqa keligay ma laga maarmi waayay in tuulnaa, sidaas qabashada dowladda muuqatay lama huraan.

ku dhaqanka

tabo badan oo marka hore la soo jeediyay ee "General Aragtida", waa muhiim ah in macroeconomics casriga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikradda ugu muhiimsan waa in Jidka recessions waa ku filnayn baahida wadar ahaan, ma ay u noolaadaan. koorsooyinka jaamacadda waxaa haatan inta badan ku baray by loogu yeero dhaqaalaha Keynesian ee New. Waxay qaadataa fikradda guud ee hoganaya muddo dheer neo-classical. Neo-Keynesians ma fiirsan "General Aragtida" waxtar leh waxbarasho dheeraad ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhaqaaleyahanno badan oo weli ka fiirsan waxa macno leh. Sanadkii 2011, wuxuu kitaabkii ka galay liiska aan khayaalka ahayn ugu wanaagsan ee casriga ah ku dhacday.

Isticmaal daraasadda dhaqaalaha

isku day ugu horeysay ee la qabsado ah "aragtida guud" waxa uu noqday buugaagta loogu talagalay ardayda ee Robinson, sii daayay 1937. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu guulaha badan u soo baxay si uu u hago Hansen. More buugta casriga ah la sii daayay sanadkii 2006, Hayes. Markaasuu yimid version a fududeeyey of taas oo la qoray by Sheehan. Paul Krugman ahaa qoraaga hordhaca ah in edition cusub ee "Aragtida Guud" ee Keynes, lagu daabacay 2007. Tartiib tartiib, si kastaba ha ahaatee, isha asalka lumiyo macnaha. Guud ahaan ka mid ah dhaqaaleyahannada aqbalay maanta waa postulate ku haga dhaqaalaha iyada oo loo marayo dalabka wadar ahaan noqon karaa oo kaliya in muddada gaaban iyo muddada dheer ee waqtiga dheelitirka madax banaan laga beddeli karaa iyadoo la kaashanayo qaababka suuqa.